动力锂离子电池热失控燃烧特性研究进展

doi:10.3901/JME.2019.20.017

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 频发的电动汽车火灾事故引起了对动力锂离子电池燃烧特性与火灾消防的日益重视。在动力锂离子电池起火燃烧演进的三阶段划分中，首先是外部滥用条件引发了动力锂离子电池内部材料化学反应的自我加速过程，随着化学反应放热累积和产气气体增加，导致在一定的压力下动力锂离子电池进入释放阀打开进入泄气过程，最后释放气在多种着火源引导下进入起火燃烧过程。事实上，在动力锂离子电池的热失控燃烧过程中，这三个阶段并非完全割裂，是一个复杂的并列发生现象。与传统的火灾相比，动力锂离子电池的燃烧有其特殊性，如燃烧受控条件涉及化学反应释放的热量、动力锂离子电池电能内短路后转化生成的热量、动力锂离子电池材料体系中的可燃成份、动力锂离子电池泄气中易燃气体组成等。综述动力锂离子电池热失控的演化进程、泄气的组分与浓度及毒性、动力锂离子电池单体和模组的燃烧放热量和放热速率以及燃烧过程的质量损失等燃烧特性、电池包的火灾蔓延特点与灭火剂筛选原则。针对动力锂离子电池火灾的机理及特点，总结现有研究中存在的不足、可能的改进措施以及研究尚未涉及的关键研究点。

关键词: 动力锂离子电池, 热失控, 泄气, 燃烧, 消防策略

Abstract: Frequent electric vehicle fire accidents have caused increasing emphasis on the combustion characteristics of power lithium batteries and fire. In the three-stage division of the combustion evolution of the power lithium battery, the first is that the external abuse condition triggers the self-acceleration process of the chemical reaction of the internal material of the battery. As the chemical reaction exothermic accumulation and the produced gas volume increase, the battery is under a certain pressure and the safety valve opens and the battery enters the venting process. Finally, the released gas is ignited by various ignition sources. In fact, in the thermal runaway combustion process of the battery, these three stages are not completely split, which is a complicated juxtaposition phenomenon. Compared with traditional fires, the combustion of power lithium batteries has its particularity. For example, the controlled conditions of combustion involve the heat released by the chemical reaction, the heat generated by the short circuit of the battery power, the combustible component in the battery material system, and the composition of the flammable gas in the battery venting. The evolution of the thermal runaway of the battery, components and concentrations of the venting gas, combustion characteristics of total heat release and heat release rate of battery cells and battery modules, mass loss ratio during the combustion process, fire spread characteristics of the battery pack, extinguishing agent screening principle etc. are reviewed in this paper. On these basis, the shortcomings in the existing research, possible improvement measures and key research points not covered by the research are summarized.

Key words: power lithiumion battery, thermal runaway, vent, combustion, fire strategy

中图分类号:

张亚军, 王贺武, 冯旭宁, 欧阳明高, 周安健, 苏岭, 杨辉前. 动力锂离子电池热失控燃烧特性研究进展[J]. 机械工程学报, 2019, 55(20): 17-27.

ZHANG Yajun, WANG Hewu, FENG Xuning, OUYANG Minggao, ZHOU Anjian, SU Ling, YANG Huiqian. Research Progress on Thermal Runaway Combustion Characteristics of Power Lithiumion Batteries[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2019, 55(20): 17-27.

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