新能源汽车动力电池“过充电-热失控”安全防控技术研究综述

doi:10.3901/JME.2022.10.112

机械工程学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (10): 112-135.doi: 10.3901/JME.2022.10.112

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新能源汽车动力电池“过充电-热失控”安全防控技术研究综述

周洋捷¹, 王震坡¹, 洪吉超^2,3, 曲昌辉¹, 山彤欣¹, 张景涵¹, 侯岩凯¹

1. 北京理工大学电动车辆国家工程研究中心北京 100081;
2. 北京科技大学机械工程学院北京 100083;
3. 北京科技大学顺德研究生院佛山 528000

收稿日期:2021-06-02 修回日期:2021-12-06 出版日期:2022-05-20 发布日期:2022-07-07
通讯作者: 洪吉超(通信作者)，男，1989年出生，博士，副教授。主要研究方向为车辆动力系统集成、动力电池系统安全控制关键技术等。E-mail：hongjichao@ustb.edu.cn
作者简介:周洋捷，男，1996年出生，博士研究生。主要研究方向为节能与新能源车辆技术，储能系统安全。E-mail：zhouyangjie0801@foxmail.com;王震坡，男，1976年出生，博士，教授，博士研究生导师。主要研究方向为动力电池成组理论与应用、安全管理及充/换电站技术等。E-mail：wangzhenpo@bit.edu.cn;曲昌辉，男，1983年出生，博士，讲师。主要研究方向为电动车辆分布式驱动技术、动力电池安全管理技术等。E-mail：bquchanghui812@bit.edu.cn;山彤欣，女，1997年出生，博士研究生。主要研究方向为节能与新能源汽车动力电池安全问题。E-mail：shantongxin97@bit.edu.cn;张景涵，男，1993年出生，博士研究生。主要研究方向为节能与新能源汽车动力电池安全管理等。E-mail：zhangjinghanbit@outlook.com;侯岩凯，男，1996年出生，硕士。主要研究方向为节能与新能源汽车大数据技术。E-mail：hou_yankai@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(5207120585,52107220)和中国博士后科学基金(2021M690353)资助项目。

Review of Overcharge-to-thermal Runaway and the Control Strategy for Lithium-ion Traction Batteries in Electric Vehicles

ZHOU Yangjie¹, WANG Zhenpo¹, HONG Jichao^2,3, QU Changhui¹, SHAN Tongxin¹, ZHANG Jinghan¹, HOU Yankai¹

1. National Engineering Research Center for Electric Vehicles, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081;
2. School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083;
3. Shunde Graduate School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan 528000

Received:2021-06-02 Revised:2021-12-06 Online:2022-05-20 Published:2022-07-07

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 锂离子动力电池具有高能量密度、低放电率和长寿命等优点,是新能源汽车的核心部件之一。概述新能源汽车动力电池"过充电-热失控"内外机理和外部特征,并提出过充热失控防控技术新思路。介绍触发动力电池过充热失控的内外部因素及产热、释气等主要外部表征,总结不同触发条件下过充热失控反应机理及特征阶段划分,阐述了当前针对动力电池"过充电-热失控"研究常用的电化学和热力学建模方法;重点归纳了当前动力电池防控过充热失控的常用技术手段及优缺点。基于新能源汽车大数据平台和实车运行数据,提出动力电池过充热失控"六步分析法",为未来面向实车安全运行的动力电池过充热失控防控新技术研究提供了思路,填补了本领域缺少中文综述的空白。

关键词: 新能源汽车, 动力电池, 过充电, 热失控, 安全防控

Abstract: Lithium-ion traction batteries are considered to be a key component of new energy vehicles. It has advantages as high energy density, low self-discharge rate, and long service life. The internal and external mechanism and external characteristics of “overcharge-to-thermal runaway” of new energy vehicle traction batteries are illustrated. A new method of prevention and control technology of overcharge and the induced thermal runaway is put forward. Firstly, the internal and external factors of overcharge and the main characterizations of heat generation and gas release are introduced. The reaction mechanisms and characteristic stage division of overcharge thermal runaway under different trigger conditions are summarized. The common electrochemical and thermodynamic modeling methods for traction battery under overcharge-to-thermal runaway are also described. Henceforth, common technologies and the advantages/disadvantages of the current traction battery for preventing and controlling thermal runaway are explained. Finally, based on the big data platform of new energy vehicles and the actual vehicle operating data, a six-step analysis method of overcharge-induced thermal runaway of traction battery is put forward, where future research on the prevention and control of traction battery overcharge thermal runaway for the safe operation in real scenarios is enlightened. The lack of Chinese review paper is filled in this field.

Key words: electric vehicles, lithium-ion traction batteries, overcharge, thermal runaway, safety prevention and control

中图分类号:

TM912

周洋捷, 王震坡, 洪吉超, 曲昌辉, 山彤欣, 张景涵, 侯岩凯. 新能源汽车动力电池“过充电-热失控”安全防控技术研究综述[J]. 机械工程学报, 2022, 58(10): 112-135.

ZHOU Yangjie, WANG Zhenpo, HONG Jichao, QU Changhui, SHAN Tongxin, ZHANG Jinghan, HOU Yankai. Review of Overcharge-to-thermal Runaway and the Control Strategy for Lithium-ion Traction Batteries in Electric Vehicles[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2022, 58(10): 112-135.

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新能源汽车动力电池“过充电-热失控”安全防控技术研究综述

Review of Overcharge-to-thermal Runaway and the Control Strategy for Lithium-ion Traction Batteries in Electric Vehicles

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