新能源汽车动力电池“机械滥用-热失控”及其安全防控技术综述

doi:10.3901/JME.2022.14.252

机械工程学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (14): 252-275.doi: 10.3901/JME.2022.14.252

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新能源汽车动力电池“机械滥用-热失控”及其安全防控技术综述

山彤欣¹, 王震坡¹, 洪吉超^2,3, 曲昌辉¹, 张景涵¹, 周洋捷¹, 侯岩凯¹

1. 北京理工大学电动车辆国家工程实验室北京 100081;
2. 北京科技大学机械工程学院北京 100083;
3. 北京科技大学顺德研究生院佛山 528000

收稿日期:2021-05-25 修回日期:2022-01-22 出版日期:2022-07-20 发布日期:2022-09-07
通讯作者: 洪吉超(通信作者)，男，1989年出生，博士，副教授。主要研究方向为车辆动力系统集成、动力电池系统安全控制关键技术等。E-mail：hongjichao@ustb.edu.cn
作者简介:山彤欣，女，1997年出生，博士研究生。主要研究方向为节能与新能源汽车储能系统安全及其防控技术。E-mail：shantongxin97@bit.edu.cn;王震坡，男，1976年出生，博士，教授，博士研究生导师。主要研究方向为动力电池成组理论与应用、充/换电站技术等。E-mail：wangzhenpo@bit.edu.cn;曲昌辉，男，1984年出生，博士，助理研究员。主要研究方向为电动车辆分布式驱动技术、动力电池安全管理技术等。E-mail：bquchanghui812@bit.edu.cn;张景涵，男，1993年出生，博士研究生。主要研究方向为节能与新能源汽车动力电池安全管理等。E-mail：zhangjinghanbit@outlook.com;周洋捷，男，1996年出生，博士研究生。主要研究方向为节能与新能源车辆技术，储能系统安全。E-mail：zhouyangjie0801@bit.edu.cn;侯岩凯，男，1996年出生，硕士研究生。主要研究方向为节能与新能源汽车大数据技术。E-mail：hou_yankai@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(52107220,5207120585)和中国博士后科学基金(2021M690353)资助项目。

Overview of “Mechanical Abuse-thermal Runaway” of Electric Vehicle Power Battery and Its Safety Prevention and Control Technology

SHAN Tongxin¹, WANG Zhenpo¹, HONG Jichao^2,3, QU Changhui¹, ZHANG Jinghan¹, ZHOU Yangjie¹, HOU Yankai¹

1. National Engineering Laboratory for Electric Vehicles, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081;
2. School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083;
3. Shunde Graduate School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan 528000

Received:2021-05-25 Revised:2022-01-22 Online:2022-07-20 Published:2022-09-07

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 动力电池热失控是电池故障和失效的终极形式，也是制约新能源汽车大规模推广和应用的主要行业痛点。对动力电池机械滥用失效形式及其引发的热失控特性、机理与防控技术进行全面综述，并指出当前研究中存在的局限性。通过总结归纳典型车辆事故案例和机械滥用热失控防控措施，提出结合实车运行数据复现历史运行工况的研究思路，并提出“故障-冒烟-漏气-起火-爆炸”的动力电池热失控五级演化风险评估模型，通过热失控特征参数指标临界阈值的判定和识别进行机械滥用热失控的预测预警，并根据事故特征采取相应措施抑制热失控的触发和扩散。研究内容和结果对新能源汽车动力电池系统及整车安全性设计具有重要指导意义与推广应用价值。

关键词: 新能源汽车, 动力电池, 机械滥用, 热失控, 风险评估, 防控技术

Abstract: Thermal runaway is the ultimate form of battery fault and failure, and it is also a major industry pain point that restricts the large-scale promotion and application of electric vehicles. A comprehensive overview of the different mechanical abuse forms of power batteries and characteristics, mechanisms and prevention technologies of thermal runaway caused by mechanical abuse is given, pointing out the limitations of current research. By summarizing typical vehicle accidents and mechanical prevention technologies, a research idea of reproducing historical operating conditions by real-world vehicle operating data is proposed, and a five-level evolutionary risk assessment model for thermal runaway of power battery of "fault-smoke-leak-fire-explosion" is put forward. This model uses the judgment and identification of critical thresholds of thermal runaway characteristic parameters to predict and give the early warning of mechanical abuse and thermal runaway. Then corresponding measures will be taken to suppress the triggering and spread of thermal runaway based on accident characteristics, which has important guiding significance and promotion application value for new energy vehicle power battery system and vehicle safety design.

Key words: electric vehicles, power battery, mechanical abuse, thermal runaway, risk assessment, prevention and control

中图分类号:

TM912

山彤欣, 王震坡, 洪吉超, 曲昌辉, 张景涵, 周洋捷, 侯岩凯. 新能源汽车动力电池“机械滥用-热失控”及其安全防控技术综述[J]. 机械工程学报, 2022, 58(14): 252-275.

SHAN Tongxin, WANG Zhenpo, HONG Jichao, QU Changhui, ZHANG Jinghan, ZHOU Yangjie, HOU Yankai. Overview of “Mechanical Abuse-thermal Runaway” of Electric Vehicle Power Battery and Its Safety Prevention and Control Technology[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2022, 58(14): 252-275.

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新能源汽车动力电池“机械滥用-热失控”及其安全防控技术综述

Overview of “Mechanical Abuse-thermal Runaway” of Electric Vehicle Power Battery and Its Safety Prevention and Control Technology

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