T2纯铜单道多层搅拌摩擦微观组织和性能研究

doi:10.3901/JME.260565

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 搅拌摩擦增材制造是一种固相非熔化增材制造技术，能够避免熔化增材制造方法在成形过程中产生的裂纹、气孔和夹杂等缺陷。以T2纯铜为材料，采用搅拌摩擦增材制造(Friction stir additive manufacturing，FSAM)技术中逐层叠加板的方式进行增材制造。研究了增材件材料的组织和性能差异。结果表明：增材区(Additive zone，AZ)截面宏观成形良好，表面和内部没有明显的缺陷。层与层间增材中心交界区由于迁移界面的改善结合良好。AZ的晶粒尺寸沿增材厚度方向由顶部向底部逐渐增大，抗拉强度和显微硬度的趋势与之相反。增材顶部和中部亚晶和亚晶界形成显著提高了抗拉强度。基材和AZ分布的纳米层状超结构密度影响了显微硬度分布。增材顶部、中部和基材的伸长率相当。增材底部纳米孪晶界的形成不仅阻碍位错运动提高了抗拉强度，而且与位错相互作用从而吸纳位错提高了塑性。基材表现为脆性解离断裂和韧性断裂的特征。而动态再结晶形成的细小晶粒使AZ不同层拉伸试样均呈现出韧性断裂行为。

关键词: T2纯铜, 搅拌摩擦, 增材制造, 微观组织, 力学性能, X线探伤

Abstract: FSAM is a solid-state, non-melting additive manufacturing technique that avoids defects such as cracks, porosity, and inclusions commonly encountered in melting-based additive manufacturing methods. Using T2 copper as the material, the FSAM technique was employed through a layer-by-layer plate stacking approach for additive manufacturing. This study investigated the microstructural and property variations in the additively manufactured components. The results indicated that the macro-forming quality of the additively manufactured zone was excellent, with no significant surface or internal defects. The interface between layers exhibited good bonding due to improved interfacial migration. The grain size in the AZ increased gradually from the top to the bottom along the additive thickness direction, while the trends in tensile strength and microhardness were the opposite. The formation of subgrains and subgrain boundaries at the top and middle of the AZ significantly enhanced tensile strength. The density of nanolayered superstructures distributed between the substrate and the AZ influenced the distribution of microhardness. The elongation of the top, middle, and substrate layers of the AZ was comparable. The formation of nanometer twin boundaries at the bottom of the AZ not only impeded dislocation motion, enhancing tensile strength, but also interacted with dislocations to absorb them and improve plasticity. The substrate exhibited characteristics of brittle intergranular fracture and ductile fracture. In contrast, fine grains formed by dynamic recrystallization resulted in ductile fracture behavior in tensile samples across different layers of the AZ.

Key words: T2 copper, friction stir, additive manufacturing, microstructure, mechanical properties, X-ray detection

中图分类号:

TG407

曹庚, 李会朝, 常志龙, 蔡奇峰, 刘延, 张伟程, 张华. T2纯铜单道多层搅拌摩擦微观组织和性能研究[J]. 机械工程学报, 2026, 62(12): 265-272.

CAO Geng, LI Huizhao, CHANG Zhilong, CAI Qifeng, LIU Yan, ZHANG Weicheng, ZHANG Hua. Research on Microstructure and Properties of T2 Copper Friction Stir Additive Manufacturing[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2026, 62(12): 265-272.

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Reference Manager|ProCite|BibTeX|RefWorks

链接本文: http://www.cjmenet.com.cn/CN/10.3901/JME.260565

http://www.cjmenet.com.cn/CN/Y2026/V62/I12/265

参考文献

[1] 何逸，郑传波，戚浩宇，等. TP2紫铜在工业环境中腐蚀行为的研究[J]. 中国腐蚀与防护学报，2024，44(1):71-81. HE Yi，ZHENG Chuanbo，QI Haoyu，et al. Corrosion behavior of TP2 red copper in simulated organic acids containing industrial environments[J]. Journal of Chinese Society for Corrosion and Protection，2024，44(1):71-81.
[2] ZHANG Peng，ZHU Qiang，SU Qian，et al. Corrosion behavior of T2 copper in 3.5% sodium chloride solution treated by rotating electromagnetic field[J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China，2016，26(5): 1439-1446.
[3] ARMSTRONG M，MEHRABI H，NAVEED N. An overview of modern metal additive manufacturing technology[J]. Journal of Manufacturing Processes，2022，84:1001-1029.
[4] SRIVASTAVA M，RATHEE S，MAHESHWARI S，et al. A review on recent progress in solid state friction based metal additive manufacturing:Friction stir additive techniques[J]. Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences，2019，44(5):345-377.
[5] LIU M，WANG B B，AN X H，et al. Friction stir additive manufacturing enabling scale-up of ultrafine-grained pure copper with superior mechanical properties[J]. Materials Science and Engineering:A，2022，857:144088.
[6] SUN Yumeng，GONG Wenbiao，LI Yupeng，et al. Effect of rotation speed on microstructure and mechanical properties of bobbin tool friction stir welded T2 copper[J]. Materials Today Communications，2023，35:106365.
[7] 王志国，封小松，尹玉环，等. 紫铜搅拌摩擦焊接工艺与接头组织性能研究[J]. 电焊机，2019，49(3):1-5. WANG Zhiguo，FENG Xiaosong，YIN Yuhuan，et al. Friction stir welding technology and joint properties of T2 cooper[J]. Electric Welding Machine，2019，49(3):1-5.
[8] 肖长源，吉华，李达，等. 16 mm厚T2铜搅拌摩擦焊组织及接头力学性能分析[J]. 热加工工艺，2015，44(11):29-32. XIAO Changyuan，JI Hua，LI Da，et al. Analysis on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welding joint of T2 copper with 16mm thickness[J]. Hot Working Technology，2015，44(11):29-32.
[9] LIU Peng，SHI Qingyu，WANG Wei，et al. Microstructure and XRD analysis of FSW joints for copper T2/aluminium 5A06 dissimilar materials[J]. Materials Letters，2008，62(25):4106-4108.
[10] 邓清洪，蒋习均，李志明，等. 2024铝合金与T2紫铜的搅拌摩擦焊接头组织及力学性能[J]. 机械制造文摘(焊接分册)，2018(5):25-30. DENG Qinghong，JIANG Xijun，LI Zhiming，et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded joint between 2024 aluminum alloy and T2 copper[J]. Mechanical Manufacturing Abstracts (Welding Section)，2018(5):25-30.
[11] 刘小文，杨宁宁，穆耀钊，等. 紫铜-黄铜搅拌摩擦焊接头的组织与力学性能[J]. 中国有色金属学报，2005，15(5):700-704. LIU Xiaowen，YANG Ningning，MU Yaozhao，et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction-stir welded joint of pure copper to brass[J]. The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals，2005，15(5):700-704.
[12] HWANG Y M，FAN P L，LIN C H. Experimental study on friction stir welding of copper metals[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology，2010，210(12):1667-1672.
[13] CHEN Min，CHANG Zhilong，LI Huizhao，et al. The microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of multi-layer friction stir additive manufacturing for T2 copper[J]. Materials Today Communications，2025，42:111213.
[14] 贺地求，易昕，李再华. 紫铜厚板的搅拌摩擦焊接[J]. 焊接学报，2010，31(4):73-76，116-117. HE Diqiu，YI Xin，LI Zaihua. Friction stir welding of thick copper plate[J]. Transactions of the China Welding Institution，2010，31(4):73-76，116-117.
[15] 韦景勋. 7N01铝合金搅拌摩擦增材体显微组织与性能的控制[D]. 沈阳:东北大学，2019. WEI Jingxun. The microstructure and properties adjustment of friction stir additive manufactured biuld for 7N01 aluminum alloy[D]. Shenyang:Northeastern University，2019.
[16] ZHANG Changqing，QIN Zhuo，RONG Chen，et al. The preliminary exploration of micro-friction stir welding process and material flow of copper and brass ultra-thin sheets[J]. Materials，2020，13(10):2401.
[17] 薛凯芮，乔柯，张婷，等. 孪生诱发塑性钢搅拌摩擦焊接温度场及塑性流场数值模拟[J]. 塑性工程学报，2025，32(3):179-185. XUE Kairui，QIAO Ke，ZHANG Ting，et al. Numerical simulation of temperature field and plastic flow field in friction stir welding of twinning-induced plasticity steel[J]. Journal of Plasticity Engineering，2025，32(3):179-185.
[18] HEIDARZADEH A，JABBARI M，ESMAILY M. Prediction of grain size and mechanical properties in friction stir welded pure copper joints using a thermal model[J]. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology，2015，77(9):1819-1829.
[19] 于明润，赵洪运，蒋智华. 铝/黄铜异种金属搅拌摩擦焊搭接接头显微组织与力学性能[J]. 机械工程学报，2019，55(6):39-45. YU Mingrun，ZHAO Hongyun，JIANG Zhihua，et al. Research on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir lap welded aluminum/brass dissimilar joint[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering，2019，55(6):39-45.
[20] BU Linfeng，CHENG Zhao，ZHANG Yin，et al. Trans-twin dislocations in nanotwinned metals[J]. Scripta Materialia，2023，229:115348.
[21] ZHU S Q，RINGER S P. On the role of twinning and stacking faults on the crystal plasticity and grain refinement in magnesium alloys[J]. Acta Materialia，2018，144:365-375.
[22] 韩基鸿，张洋，马亚玺，等. 纳米孪晶强化合金制备技术与力学性能研究进展[J]. 材料导报，2022，36(24):117-130. HAN Jihong，ZHANG Yang，MA Yaxi，et al. Research progress in the preparation techniques and mechanical properties of nanotwin strengthened alloys[J]. Materials Reports，2022，36(24):117-130.
[23] 许楠，陈磊，刘坤，等. T2纯铜快速冷却搅拌摩擦焊缝微观组织和力学性能研究[J]. 机械工程学报，2022，58(24):94-101. XU Nan，CHEN Lei，LIU Kun，et al. Research on microstructure and mechanical properties of rapid cooling friction stir welded T2 copper joint[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering，2022，58(24):94-101.
[24] YU Huihui，XIN Yunchang，WANG Maoyin，et al. Hall-Petch relationship in Mg alloys:A review[J]. Journal of Materials Science & Technology，2018，34(2):248-256.