基于相变传热的动力电池高效复合热控技术研究综述

doi:10.3901/JME.2025.04.176

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 快速增加的锂离子动力电池能量密度在有效解决电动汽车“里程焦虑”的同时，也对电池热管理系统的散热能力提出更加苛刻的要求。电池模组底部设置液冷板的热管理方案以其高散热能力、高可靠性、长寿命和低成本等优点被各大汽车厂商广泛应用。但由于电池表面温度分布不均导致液冷板散热技术的冷却性能难以继续提升。基于气液相变传热原理的相变热控器件具有出色的传热性能和均温性能，是降低电池表面温差过大和实现动力电池高效热管理的关键。因此，相变热控器件-液冷板复合热控技术已成为当前动力电池高效散热领域的重要发展方向和研究热点。介绍动力电池的热行为，综述目前国内外现有动力电池散热技术的研究现状，重点分析与总结动力电池用相变热控器件应具备的关键技术特性，并进行科学预测与展望。

关键词: 纯电动汽车, 动力电池, 相变热控器件, 超薄均热板, 复合热控技术

Abstract: The rapidly increasing energy density of lithium-ion power battery solves the “range anxiety” of electric vehicles effectively, meanwhile, it puts forward more stringent requirements on the heat dissipation capacity of battery thermal management system. The thermal management system with liquid cooling plate at the bottom of the battery pack has been widely used by various automobile manufacturers due to its advantages in higher heat dissipation, reliability, longer life and lower cost. However, the uneven distribution of battery surface temperature makes it difficult to improve the cooling performance of liquid cooling plate. The phase change thermal control device is the key to realize the efficient thermal management of power battery due to its excellent heat transfer performance. As a result, composite thermal control technology, consisted by phase change thermal control device and liquid cooling plate, has become an important development direction and hot spot in the field of efficient heat dissipation of power battery. This review introduces the principle and process of thermal runaway of lithium-ion power battery, summarizing the progress and pointing out the existing problems of heat dissipation technology of power battery, and analyses and outline the technical characteristics of phase change thermal control device of power battery. Furthermore, and scientific prediction and prospect are suggested.

Key words: electric vehicle, power battery, phase change thermal control device, ultrathin vapor chamber, composite thermal control technology

中图分类号:

TK124

汤勇, 赵威, 尹树彬, 袁雪鹏, 袁伟, 张仕伟. 基于相变传热的动力电池高效复合热控技术研究综述[J]. 机械工程学报, 2025, 61(4): 176-194.

TANG Yong, ZHAO Wei, YIN Shubin, YUAN Xuepeng, YUAN Wei, ZHANG Shiwei. Review on Phase Change Heat Transfer Based High Efficiency Composite Thermal Control Technology for Power Battery[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2025, 61(4): 176-194.

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