燃气轮机叶片状态与机匣振动的特征分析及故障预警

doi:10.3901/JME.2025.23.182

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 叶片故障是燃气轮机最为严重的故障之一，对叶片进行实时监测和故障预警是提高燃气轮机运行可靠性的有效方法。本研究以机匣振动信号为基础，探讨了叶片状态对燃气轮机机匣压力与振动的影响，以解决叶片故障预警的难题。首先，基于傅里叶级数叠加的方法模拟了旋转动叶片在正常和故障条件下引起的尾流动态压力，分析了动态压力在机匣内的传递特性。其次，提出并建立了基于平面梁单元的机匣-静叶片简化有限元模型，求解了机匣的固有频率以及模态振型，同时分析了在正常和故障动态尾流压力下的机匣振动特性和响应规律。基于上述理论指导，提出了适用于燃气轮机叶片故障的预警指标以及诊断流程。最后，通过两个燃气轮机的实际工业叶片故障案例进行了验证。结果表明，旋转动叶片产生的尾流压力主要由多阶次高频叶片通过频率分量以及转频分量组成，各阶次的振幅随阶数增加而减小；叶片故障会引起机匣振动信号中叶片通过频率幅值的变化，更显著的是其频率两侧出现以转频为间隔的边带，这些特征对于叶片早期故障识别至关重要，是建立叶片故障预警指标的基础。该成果为提高燃气轮机运行的可靠性提供了理论指导。

关键词: 燃气轮机, 叶片, 振动, 压力, 故障预警

Abstract: Blade failure is one of the most serious failures of the gas turbine. Real-time monitoring and early warning of blade failure is an effective method to improve the operational reliability. Based on the casing vibration signals, this study explores the influence of blade conditions on the pressure and vibration of the casing of gas turbine, in order to solve the difficult problem of early warning and diagnosis of blade failures. The dynamic pressure in the wake flow caused by the normal and fault conditions of the rotating blades is firstly simulated based on the Fourier series superposition, and the transmission characteristics of the dynamic pressure in the casing are analyzed. Secondly, a simplified finite element model of the casing-stator-blade based on plane beam element is proposed and established, and the natural frequency and mode shapes of the casing are solved, and the vibration characteristics and response law of the casing under normal and fault wake pressure are analyzed at the same time. Based on the above theoretical, the blade early warning indicators and diagnostic process applicable to the failure of gas turbine are proposed. Finally, it is verified by two actual industrial blade failure cases of gas turbines. The results show that the wake pressure generated by the rotating blade mainly consists of multi-order high-frequency blade passing frequency components and rotational frequency components, and the amplitude of each order decreases with the increase of the order; blade failure causes the change of blade passing frequency amplitude in the casing vibration signal, and the more significant is the sidebands on both sides of the frequency with the rotational frequency as the interval, and these features are crucial for the identification of blade failure, which is the basis for the establishment of blade fault warningindicators. The results provide theoretical guidance for improving the operation reliability of the gas turbine.

Key words: gas turbine, blade, vibration, pressure, fault warning

中图分类号:

TK478

肖袁, 冯坤, 张鹏. 燃气轮机叶片状态与机匣振动的特征分析及故障预警[J]. 机械工程学报, 2025, 61(23): 182-192.

XIAO Yuan, FENG Kun, ZHANG Peng. Characteristic Analysis of Gas Turbine Blade Conditions and Casing Vibrations for Fault Early Warning[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2025, 61(23): 182-192.

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