多轴试验测试技术的发展与应用

doi:10.3901/JME.2021.16.016

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 相较于常规单轴力学试验，多轴试验可在复杂应力状态下取得材料更为全面的力学性能或对结构件寿命与失效机理进行更准确的评估。随着控制技术与测量技术的进步，多轴测试技术得以快速发展。近30年来，国内外学者通过设计各类多轴试验对材料的疲劳、断裂、冲压成型性能、各向异性行为、微观变形机制等进行大量研究，多轴试验日益成为交叉各学科的重要测试手段。多轴试验中材料的应力状态较为复杂且易产生应力集中，有限元分析是取得其应力应变分布、优化试样或结构件形式的有效方法。按试样与加载形式的不同，分别对拉扭多轴试验、面内双轴试验、拉/压-压力复合作用试验、土三轴试验的试验方法、发展历史及在不同领域内的应用进行介绍；以环形试样拉/压试验与埃里克森试验为例，介绍基于有限元分析的多轴试验方法；以汽车发动机部件的多轴试验方法为例，介绍多轴试验测试技术在工程结构件的设计与寿命评估方面的应用。

关键词: 多轴试验, 拉扭, 十字试样, 多轴疲劳, 环形试样

Abstract: Compared with conventional uniaxial mechanical tests,more comprehensive mechanical properties of materials under complex stress conditions can be obtained or more accurate assessment of the life and failure mechanism of structural parts can be made through multiaxial tests. With the advance of control and measurement technology,multiaxial testing technology has developed rapidly. In the past 30 years,a lot of research on the fatigue,fracture,stamping performance,anisotropic behaviour,micro deformation mechanism of materials has been conducted by scholars at home and abroad through designing various multiaxial tests,making multiaxial test an increasingly important testing method across various disciplines. Considering samples' complicated stress state and easy occurrence of stress concentration during multiaxial tests,finite element analysis can be utilized as an effective method to obtain the stress and strain distribution and optimize the form of samples or structures. According to the difference of loading form and specimen,test methods,development history and application in different fields of four kinds of multiaxial tests:tension-torsion multiaxial test,in-plane biaxial test,tension/compression-pressure combined test,soil triaxial test are introduced; taking ring-shaped specimen tension/compression test and Erichson test as examples,the multiaxial test method based on finite element analysis is introduced; taking the multiaxial test method of automobile engine components as an example,the application of multiaxial test in the design and life assessment of structural parts is introduced.

Key words: multiaxial test, tension-torsion, cruciform specimen, multiaxial fatigue, ring specimen

中图分类号:

TG156

宁祚良, 陈刚, 陈旭. 多轴试验测试技术的发展与应用[J]. 机械工程学报, 2021, 57(16): 16-36.

NING Zuoliang, CHEN Gang, CHEN Xu. Development and Application of Multiaxial Testing Technique[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2021, 57(16): 16-36.

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