搅拌摩擦焊搅拌头材料的研究现状与发展趋势

doi:10.3901/JME.260495

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 作为一种固态焊接技术，搅拌摩擦焊因低能耗、高效率以及无须填充材料等优势，在低熔点金属焊接中取得了较为成熟应用。然而，在高熔点金属焊接领域，该技术仍面临诸多挑战，特别是在搅拌头材料存在服役性能不足以及成本较高等问题，限制了其应用拓展，当前高性能低成本的搅拌头材料的研发和应用已成为当前国内外研究热点。本研究综述了搅拌摩擦焊技术中不同搅拌头材料的制备工艺与焊接服役性能，重点介绍适用于低熔点金属焊接的钢制搅拌头，以及常用于高熔点金属焊接的搅拌头材料，如PCBN、WRE合金和硬质合金。通过分析各类材料的制备技术与服役行为，为研究人员在高熔点金属焊接中的搅拌头材料选择与制备提供了参考，同时展望了搅拌头材料未来的研究与发展方向。

关键词: 搅拌摩擦焊技术, 搅拌头材料, PCBN, 钢制材料, WRE合金, 硬质合金

Abstract: As a solid-state welding technology, friction stir welding has seen relatively mature applications in the welding of low-melting-point metals due to its advantages of low energy consumption, high efficiency, and no need for filler materials. However, in the field of high-melting-point metal welding, this technology still faces many challenges, particularly regarding the insufficient service performance and high cost of the tool materials, which limits its application expansion. Currently, the research and application of high-performance, low-cost tool materials have become a hot topic of research both domestically and internationally. This paper reviews the preparation processes and welding performance of different tool materials used in FSW, with a focus on steel tools for low-melting-point metal welding, as well as tool materials commonly used for high-melting-point metal welding, such as PCBN, WRE alloys, and cemented carbide. By analyzing the preparation technologies and service behaviors of various materials, this paper provides researchers with a reference for selecting and preparing tool materials in high-melting-point metal welding, and also looks ahead to the future research and development directions of tool materials.

Key words: friction stir welding technology, tool materials, PCBN, steel materials, WRE alloys, cemented carbide

中图分类号:

TG457

罗来马, 陈九雄, 王亚锋, 孙飞, 吴玉程. 搅拌摩擦焊搅拌头材料的研究现状与发展趋势[J]. 机械工程学报, 2026, 62(10): 103-127.

LUO Laima, CHEN Jiuxiong, WANG Yafeng, SUN Fei, WU Yucheng. Current Research Status and Development Trends of Friction Stir Welding Tool Materials[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2026, 62(10): 103-127.

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Reference Manager|ProCite|BibTeX|RefWorks

链接本文: http://www.cjmenet.com.cn/CN/10.3901/JME.260495

http://www.cjmenet.com.cn/CN/Y2026/V62/I10/103

参考文献

[1] THOMAS W M，NICHOLAS E D，NEEDHAM J C，et al. Friction stir butt welding：Great Britain Patent Application No. 9125978.8[P]. 1991-12-08.
[2] DAVID S A，DEBROY T. Current issues and problems in welding science[J]. Science，1992，257(5069)：497-502.
[3] MABUWA S，MSOMI V，MURIBWATHOHO O，et al. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the friction stir processed TIG-welded aerospace dissimilar aluminium alloys[J]. Materials Today：Proceedings，2021，46：658-664.
[4] SINGH K，SINGH G，SINGH H. Review on friction stir welding of magnesium alloys[J]. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys，2018，6(4)：399-416.
[5] GANGWAR K，RAMULU M. Friction stir welding of titanium alloys：A review[J]. Materials & Design，2018，141：230-255.
[6] POURALI M，ABDOLLAH-ZADEH A，SAEID T，et al. Influence of welding parameters on intermetallic compounds formation in dissimilar steel/aluminum friction stir welds[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds，2017，715：1-8.
[7] COELHO R S，KOSTKA A，DOS SANTOS J F，et al. Friction-stir dissimilar welding of aluminium alloy to high strength steels：Mechanical properties and their relation to microstructure[J]. Materials Science and Engineering：A，2012，556：175-183.
[8] KUNDU J，GHANGAS G，RATTAN N，et al. Friction stir welding：Merits over other joining processes[J]. International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology，2017，7(3)：1175-1177.
[9] BADKOOBEH F，MOSTAAN H，RAFIEI M，et al. Friction stir welding/processing of Mg-based alloys：A critical review on advancements and challenges[J]. Materials，2021，14(21)：6726.
[10] CHAUDRY U M，HAN S C，ALKELAE F，et al. Effect of PWHT on the microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded DP780 steel[J]. Metals，2021，11(7)：1097.
[11] KAYODE O，AKINLABI E T. An overview on joining of aluminium and magnesium alloys using friction stir welding (FSW) for automotive lightweight applications[J]. Materials Research Express，2019，6(11)：112005.
[12] MISHRA R S，MA Z Y. Friction stir welding and processing[J]. Materials Science and Engineering：R：Reports，2005，50(1-2)：1-78.
[13] SIDDIQUEE A N，PANDEY S. Experimental investigation on deformation and wear of WC tool during friction stir welding (FSW) of stainless steel[J]. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology，2014，73(1)：479-486.
[14] AHMED M M Z，EL-SAYED SELEMAN M M，TOUILEB K，et al. Microstructure，crystallographic texture，and mechanical properties of friction stir welded mild steel for shipbuilding applications[J]. Materials，2022，15(8)：2905.
[15] KÜÇÜKÖMEROĞLU T，AKTARER S M，ÇAM G. Investigation of mechanical and microstructural properties of friction stir welded dual phase (DP) steel[J]. IOP Conference Series：Materials Science and Engineering，2019，629(1)：012010.
[16] KUMAR RAJAK D，PAGAR D D，MENEZES P L，et al. Friction-based welding processes：Friction welding and friction stir welding[J]. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology，2020，34(24)：2613-2637.
[17] AHMED M M Z，EL-SAYED SELEMAN M M，FYDRYCH D，et al. Friction stir welding of aluminum in the aerospace industry：The current progress and state-of-the-art review[J]. Materials，2023，16(8)：2971.
[18] MEYGHANI B，WU Chuansong. Progress in thermomechanical analysis of friction stir welding[J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering，2020，33(1)：12.
[19] HEIDARZADEH A，MIRONOV S，KAIBYSHEV R，et al. Friction stir welding/processing of metals and alloys：A comprehensive review on microstructural evolution[J]. Progress in Materials Science，2021，117：100752.
[20] RAI R，DE A，BHADESHIA H H，et al. Review：Friction stir welding tools[J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining，2011，16(4)：325-342.
[21] LIU F C，HOVANSKI Y，MILES M P，et al. A review of friction stir welding of steels：Tool，material flow，microstructure，and properties[J]. Journal of Materials Science & Technology，2018，34(1)：39-57.
[22] SHI L，WU C S. Transient model of heat transfer and material flow at different stages of friction stir welding process[J]. Journal of Manufacturing Processes，2017，25：323-339.
[23] SEN M，PURI A B. Formation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) in FSW of aluminum and magnesium alloys (Al/Mg alloys)−A review[J]. Materials Today Communications，2022，33：105017.
[24] BEYGI R，CARBAS R，QUEIROS A，et al. Comparative study between stainless steel and carbon steel during dissimilar friction stir welding with aluminum：Kinetics of Al-Fe intermetallic growth[J]. Metals and Materials International，2022，28(8)：1948-1959.
[25] AGHAJANI DERAZKOLA H，KHODABAKHSHI F. Intermetallic compounds (IMCs) formation during dissimilar friction-stir welding of AA5005 aluminum alloy to St-52 steel：Numerical modeling and experimental study[J]. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology，2019，100(9)：2401-2422.
[26] GULLINO A，MATTEIS P，D’AIUTO F. Review of aluminum-to-steel welding technologies for car-body applications[J]. Metals，2019，9(3)：315.
[27] WANG Guoqing，ZHAO Yanhua，HAO Yunfei. Friction stir welding of high-strength aerospace aluminum alloy and application in rocket tank manufacturing[J]. Journal of Materials Science & Technology，2018，34(1)：73-91.
[28] MESQUITA R A，BARBOSA C A. Spray forming high speed steel：Properties and processing[J]. Materials Science and Engineering：A，2004，383(1)：87-95.
[29] HAGHDADI N，LALEH M，MOYLE M，et al. Additive manufacturing of steels：A review of achievements and challenges[J]. Journal of Materials Science，2021，56(1)：64-107.
[30] HAN Yahui，LI Changsheng，REN Jinyi，et al. Microstructural evolution during homogenization and hot deformation for As-cast H13 steel[J]. Steel Research International，2021，92(3)：2000439.
[31] DING Hengnan，CHENG Xiaonong，LIU Tian，et al. Microstructure and high-temperature tensile behavior of spray-formed modified 2000MPa H13 hot work die steel with 0.5wt% carbon[J]. Materials Science and Engineering：A，2022，842：143102.
[32] PAN Yu，PI Ziqiang，LIU Bowen，et al. Influence of heat treatment on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of W₆Mo₅Cr₄V₂Co₅Nb (825 K) high speed steel[J]. Materials Science and Engineering：A，2020，787：139480.
[33] Han L X，Wang Y，Liu S F，et al. Effect of cryogenic treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of selected laser melted H13 steel[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology，2022，21：5056-5065.
[34] GUPTA M K. Effects of tool profile on mechanical properties of aluminium alloy Al 1120 friction stir welds[J]. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology，2020，34(18)：2000-2010.
[35] CETKIN E，ÇELIK Y H，TEMIZ S. Microstructure and mechanical properties of AA7075/AA5182 jointed by FSW[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology，2019，268：107-116.
[36] GHIASVAND A，HASSANIFARD S，ZEHSAZ M，et al. An investigation of the effect of auxiliary pins on mechanical properties of friction stir welded AA2024-T351[J]. International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM)，2024，18(9)：6837-6857.
[37] GHIASVAND A，KAZEMI M，JALILIAN M M，et al. Effects of tool offset，pin offset，and alloys position on maximum temperature in dissimilar FSW of AA6061 and AA5086[J]. International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering，2020，15(1)：6.
[38] BAHRAMI M，NIKOO M F，GIVI M K B. Microstructural and mechanical behaviors of nano-SiC-reinforced AA7075-O FSW joints prepared through two passes[J]. Materials Science and Engineering：A，2015，626：220-228.
[39] ZHANG Z，LIU C K，YU Z L，et al. The fabrication of brass reinforced aluminum matrix composites by FSW[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology，2024，31：3383-3392.
[40] ÇAM G，İPEKOĞLU G，KÜÇÜKÖMEROĞLU T，et al. Applicability of friction stir weldingto steels[J]. Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering，2017，2(80)：65-85.
[41] LI Mingliang，LIANG Lixing，WANG Hailong，et al. Processing and properties of PcBN composites fabricated by HPHT using PSN and Al as sintering additive[J]. Rare Metals，2020，39(5)：570-576.
[42] WANG Yipeng，ZHANG Jiawei，TANG Yue，et al. Sintering high-mechanical-properties microcrystalline PcBN by isothermal compression[J]. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials，2023，112：106130.
[43] LAW M，KARTHIK R，SHARMA S，et al. Finish turning of hardened bearing steel using textured PcBN tools[J]. Journal of Manufacturing Processes，2020，60：144-161.
[44] LI Yi，MENG Dezhong，FENG Zhihao，et al. Effect of different working conditions on tribological behaviors of PcBN/440c stainless steel in vacuum environment[J]. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials，2023，116：106366.
[45] 纪焕丽. 立方氮化硼复合材料高温高压制备及性能研究[D]. 天津：天津大学，2020. JI Huanli. Preparation and performance of cubic boron nitride composite by high temperature high pressure sintering[D]. Tianjin：Tianjin University，2020.
[46] 王邵瑀. 铝系聚晶立方氮化硼复合材料的高温高压制备及性能研究[D]. 天津：天津大学，2022. WANG Shaoyu. Research on preparation and performance of aluminum based polycrystalline cubic boron nitride composites by high pressure and high temperature[D]. Tianjin：Tianjin University，2022.
[47] SORENSEN C D，NELSON T. Friction stir welding of ferrous and nickel alloys[J]. Friction Stir Welding and Processing，2007，44073：111-121.
[48] RONG Xiaozheng，TSURUMI T，FUKUNAGA O，et al. High-pressure sintering of cBN-TiN-Al composite for cutting tool application[J]. Diamond and Related Materials，2002，11(2)：280-286.
[49] SLIPCHENKO K，BUSHLYA V，STRATIICHUK D，et al. Multicomponent binders for PcBN performance enhancement in cutting tool applications[J]. Journal of the European Ceramic Society，2022，42(11)：4513-4527.
[50] RUMIANTSEVA Y，MELNICHUK I，GARASHCHENKO V，et al. Influence of cBN content，Al₂O₃ and Si₃N₄ additives and their morphology on microstructure，properties，and wear of PCBN with NbN binder[J]. Ceramics International，2020，46(14)：22230-22238.
[51] ZHAO Guolong，HUANG Chuanzhen，LIU Hanlian，et al. A study on in situ synthesis of TiB₂–SiC ceramic composites by reactive hot pressing[J]. Ceramics International，2014，40(1)：2305-2313.
[52] YU Wenlin，WANG Jilin，WU Yi，et al. In situ synthesis of polycrystalline cubic boron nitride with high mechanical properties using rod-shaped TiB₂ crystals as the binder[J]. Advances in Applied Ceramics，2017，116(8)：419-427.
[53] YUE Yuxiao，ZHU Yumei，LI Zhihong. Preparation and cutting performance study of YSZ-toughened PcBN superhard tools[J]. RSC Advances，2023，13(23)：15616-15623.
[54] CHEN Chao，MO Peicheng，CHEN Jiarong，et al. Effect of Y₂O₃ additive on properties of PCBN composites with TiN-Ti-AlN as binder by high temperature and high pressure sintering[J]. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials，2023，110：106009.
[55] LIU Yang，SUN Ailing，ZHONG Shenglin，et al. Effect of AlTi content on mechanical properties of in situ synthesized PcBN composites[J]. Diamond and Related Materials，2020，109：108068.
[56] MO Peicheng，CHEN Chao，CHEN Jiarong，et al. Effect of sintering temperature on synthesis of PCBN in cBN-Ti-Al-W system[J]. Diamond and Related Materials，2020，103：107714.
[57] VARGHESE J，RAJULAPATI K V，BHANU SANKARA RAO K，et al. Ambient，elevated temperature tensile properties and origin of strengthening in friction stir welded 6 mm thick reduced activation ferritic-martensitic steel plates in as-welded and post-weld normalised conditions[J]. Materials Science and Engineering：A，2022，857：144019.
[58] DA CUNHA P H C P，LEMOS G V B，BERGMANN L，et al. Effect of welding speed on friction stir welds of GL E36 shipbuilding steel[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology，2019，8(1)：1041-1051.
[59] GADDAM S，HARIDAS R S，TAMMANA D，et al. Double-sided friction stir welding of Nitronic-40 stainless steel for application in tokamak devices[J]. Journal of Materials Science & Technology，2023，159：170-183.
[60] SUN Yufeng，FUJII H，MORISADA Y. Double-sided friction stir welding of 40 mm thick low carbon steel plates using a pcBN rotating tool[J]. Journal of Manufacturing Processes，2020，50：319-328.
[61] MALTIN C A，NOLTON L J，SCOTT J L，et al. The potential adaptation of stationary shoulder friction stir welding technology to steel[J]. Materials & Design，2014，64：614-624.
[62] MORTELLO M，PEDEMONTE M，CONTUZZI N，et al. Experimental investigation of material properties in FSW dissimilar aluminum-steel lap joints[J]. Metals，2021，11(9)：1474.
[63] GIORJÃO R A R，PEREIRA V F，TERADA M，et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded 8 mm pipe SAF 2507 super duplex stainless steel[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology，2019，8(1)：243-249.
[64] LI Junping，SHEN Yifu，HOU Wentao，et al. Friction stir welding of Ti-6Al-4V alloy：Friction tool，microstructure，and mechanical properties[J]. Journal of Manufacturing Processes，2020，58：344-354.
[65] LAHIFF C，GORDON S，PHELAN P. PCBN tool wear modes and mechanisms in finish hard turning[J]. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing，2007，23(6)：638-644.
[66] 李艺君，付瑞东. 钢搅拌摩擦焊接及加工研究进展[J]. 机械工程学报，2015，51(22)：1-10. LI Yijun，FU Ruidong. Friction stir welding and processing of steels[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering，2015，51(22)：1-10.
[67] KATIYAR P K. A comprehensive review on synergy effect between corrosion and wear of cemented tungsten carbide tool bits：A mechanistic approach[J]. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials，2020，92：105315.
[68] BREVAL E，CHENG J P，AGRAWAL D K，et al. Comparison between microwave and conventional sintering of WC/Co composites[J]. Materials Science and Engineering：A，2005，391(1-2)：285-295.
[69] ZENG Kai，WU Xian，JIANG Feng，et al. A comprehensive review on the cutting and abrasive machining of cemented carbide materials[J]. Journal of Manufacturing Processes，2023，108：335-358.
[70] SUN Jialin，ZHAO Jun，HUANG Zhifu，et al. A review on binderless tungsten carbide：Development and application[J]. Nano-Micro Letters，2019，12(1)：13.
[71] GARCÍA J，CIPRÉS V C，BLOMQVIST A，et al. Cemented carbide microstructures：A review[J]. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials，2019，80：40-68.
[72] SUN Jialin，ZHAO Jun，GONG Feng，et al. Development and application of WC-based alloys bonded with alternative binder phase[J]. Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences，2019，44(3)：211-238.
[73] MUKHOPADHYAY A，BASU B. Recent developments on WC-based bulk composites[J]. Journal of Materials Science，2011，46(3)：571-589.
[74] 吕健. 喷雾干燥、低温还原碳化法制备纳米晶WC-Co复合粉末技术[D]. 赣州：江西理工大学，2014. LÜ Jian. Technology preparation of nanocrytalline WC-Co composite powder by spray-drying low temperature reduction-carbonization process[D]. Ganzhou：Jiangxi University of Science and Technology，2014.
[75] 朱二涛. 原位合成纳米WC-Co复合粉末及高性能硬质合金制备和性能研究[D]. 合肥：合肥工业大学，2021. ZHU Ertao. Study on the preparation and properties of nano WC-Co composite powder by in-situ synthesis and high performance cemented carbide[D]. Hefei：Hefei University of Technology，2021.
[76] JIANG Wentao，LU Hao，CHEN Jinghong，et al. Toughening cemented carbides by phase transformation of zirconia[J]. Materials & Design，2021，202：109559.
[77] ZHANG Hong，XIONG Ji，GUO Zhixing，et al. Microstructure，mechanical properties，and cutting performances of WC-Co cemented carbides with Ru additions[J]. Ceramics International，2021，47(18)：26050-26062.
[78] JING Kaifeng，GUO Zhixing，HUA Tao，et al. Strengthening mechanism of cemented carbide containing Re[J]. Materials Science and Engineering：A，2022，838：142803.
[79] CHUVIL’DEEV V N，BLAGOVESHCHENSKIY Y V，NOKHRIN A V，et al. Spark plasma sintering of tungsten carbide nanopowders obtained through DC arc plasma synthesis[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds，2017，708：547-561.
[80] 薛鹏，张星星，吴利辉，等. 搅拌摩擦焊接与加工研究进展[J]. 金属学报，2016，52(10)：1222-1238. XUE Peng，ZHANG Xingxing，WU Lihui，et al. Research progress on friction stir welding and processing[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica，2016，52(10)：1222-1238.
[81] PANKAJ P，TIWARI A，DHARA L N，et al. Investigations on the effect of sheets positioning in advancing & retreating side for dissimilar FSW of DH36 steel and aluminum alloy 6061[J]. Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India)：Series C，2022，103(1)：5-20.
[82] TAMADON A，BAGHESTANI A，BAJGHOLI M E. Influence of WC-based pin tool profile on microstructure and mechanical properties of AA1100 FSW welds[J]. Technologies，2020，8(2)：34.
[83] EBRAHIMPOUR A，SHAKOORI A，SAEID T. Metallurgical and mechanical study of the effect of FSW parameters on dissimilar joining of St37 and AZ31[J]. Welding in the World，2023，67(12)：2683-2702.
[84] LUO Laima，ZHAO Zhihao，YAO Gang，et al. Recent progress on preparation routes and performance evaluation of ODS/CDS-W alloys for plasma facing materials in fusion devices[J]. Journal of Nuclear Materials，2021，548：152857.
[85] HONG Binbin，CHEN Yiyang，CHEN Hongyu，et al. Liquid film shearing polishing for high quality and low damage tungsten surface：Process optimization，removal mechanism，and processing defects[J]. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials，2025，131：107189.
[86] LIU Zhen，WEI Guoqing，YE Wei，et al. Surface damage evolution during helium plasma irradiation of W-Y₂O₃ composite materials in different grain orientations[J]. Journal of Nuclear Materials，2025，612：155840.
[87] MA Jian，WAN Hongbing，PENG Feng，et al. Study on grain removal characteristics and influencing factors of polycrystalline tungsten during polishing process[J]. Precision Engineering，2024，91：499-506.
[88] WANG Qian，DU Guoping，CHEN Nan，et al. Ideal strengths and thermodynamic properties of W and W-Re alloys from first-principles calculation[J]. Fusion Engineering and Design，2020，155：111579.
[89] ZHANG Yuheng，MA En，SUN Jun，et al. Unveiling the intrinsic rhenium effect in tungsten[J]. Acta Materialia，2024，264：119586.
[90] LI Yuhao，ZHOU Hongbo，LIANG Linyun，et al. Transition from ductilizing to hardening in tungsten：The dependence on rhenium distribution[J]. Acta Materialia，2019，181：110-123.
[91] WURSTER S，GLUDOVATZ B，PIPPAN R. High temperature fracture experiments on tungsten-rhenium alloys[J]. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials，2010，28(6)：692-697.
[92] SAVITSKII E M，TYLKINA M A，IPATOVA S I，et al. Properties of tungsten-rhenium alloys[J]. Metal Science and Heat Treatment of Metals，1960，2(9)：483-486.
[93] HASEGAWA A，FUKUDA M，YABUUCHI K，et al. Neutron irradiation effects on the microstructural development of tungsten and tungsten alloys[J]. Journal of Nuclear Materials，2016，471：175-183.
[94] CARLEN J C，BRYSKIN B D. Rhenium - a unique rare metal[J]. Materials and Manufacturing Processes，1994，9(6)：1087-1104.
[95] SITTIHO A，BHATTACHARYYA M，GRAVES J，et al. Friction stir processing of a high entropy alloy Fe₄₂Co₁₀Cr₁₅Mn₂₈Si₅ with transformative characteristics：Microstructure and mechanical properties[J]. Materials Today Communications，2021，28：102635.
[96] YIN X. Tungsten rhenium alloy and tungsten rhenium thermocouple[M]. Beijing：Metallurgical Industry Press，1992.
[97] NING X，DI D，CHENGYANG W，et al. Study on high-temperature mechanical properties of W25Re alloy[J]. Materials Research Express，2022，9(3)：036509.
[98] XU Wangzhi，WANG Jing，LUO Laima，et al. The preparation process of ultrafine gain W-Re powder by wet chemical method and its effect on alloy properties[J]. Materials Today Communications，2023，34：104955.
[99] WANG Yafeng，CHEN Zhihong，CHEN Jiuxiong，et al. High strength and tackling structural relaxation by sub-grains synergistic deformation in W-Re alloy[J]. Materials Science and Engineering：A，2024，914：147160.
[100] LEONHARDT T. Properties of tungsten-rhenium and tungsten-rhenium with hafnium carbide[J]. JOM，2009，61(7)：68-71.
[101] ZHANG T，DU W Y，ZHAN C Y，et al. The high thermal stability induced by a synergistic effect of ZrC nanoparticles and Re solution in W matrix in hot rolled tungsten alloy[J]. Nuclear Engineering and Technology，2022，54(8)：2801-2808.
[102] MIAO Shu，ZHAO Yunqiang，XIE Zhuoming，et al. On the ductilization and the resistance to annealing-induced embrittlement of high-strength W-Re and nano-particle doped W-Re-ZrC alloys[J]. Materials Science and Engineering：A，2022，861：144334.
[103] WANG Jia，QIAO Ke，ZHANG Ting，et al. Microstructure and deformation behavior of rapid cooling friction stir welded Q&P1180 steel joint[J]. Materials Science and Engineering：A，2024，896：146178.
[104] DINDA G P，RAMAKRISHNAN A. Friction stir welding of high-strength steel[J]. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology，2019，103(9)：4763-4769.
[105] DENG Huaibo，CHEN Yuhua，JIA Yanlin，et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar NiTi/Ti₆Al₄V joints via back-heating assisted friction stir welding[J]. Journal of Manufacturing Processes，2021，64：379-391.
[106] XU Xianglai，LIU Qingyong，WANG Jin，et al. The heat treatment improving the mechanical and fatigue property of TA15 alloy joint by friction stir welding[J]. Materials Characterization，2021，180：111399.
[107] YAO Haining，CHEN Ke，JIANG Muyang，et al. Friction stir lap welding between Al and FeCoCrNiMn high entropy alloy[C]//Friction Stir Welding and Processing XI. Cham：Springer，2021：35-42.
[108] QUE Zhongyou，LI Xingyu，ZHANG Lin，et al. Resolving the sintering conundrum of high-rhenium tungsten alloys[J]. Journal of Materials Science & Technology，2023，166：78-85.
[109] SCHNEIDER J，TERRELL J，FARRIS L，et al. Low-cost fabrication of tungsten-rhenium alloys for friction stir welding applications[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B，2020，51(1)：35-44.
[110] TARASOV S，AMIROV A，CHUMAEVSKIY A，et al. Friction stir welding of Ti-6Al-4V using a liquid-cooled nickel superalloy tool[J]. Technologies，2022，10(6)：118.
[111] COSTA A M S，OLIVEIRA J P，PEREIRA V F，et al. Ni-based Mar-M247 superalloy as a friction stir processing tool[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology，2018，262：605-614.
[112] SALGADO M V D，FREITAS B X，COSTA A M，et al. Processing and characterization of high aluminum multicomponent (Co，Ni)-based superalloys for friction stir welding (FSW) tools[J]. Materials Today Communications，2020，25：101282.
[113] LI Junping，CAO Fujun，HOU Wentao，et al. Self-consumption friction plug spot welding of Ti-6Al-4V plates[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology，2020，9(6)：14283-14293.
[114] ADESINA A Y，IQBAL Z，AL-BADOUR F A，et al. Mechanical and tribological characterization of AlCrN coated spark plasma sintered W-25%Re-Hfc composite material for FSW tool application[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology，2019，8(1)：436-446.
[115] MURR L E. A review of FSW research on dissimilar metal and alloy systems[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance，2010，19(8)：1071-1089.
[116] CHUMAEVSKII A，AMIROV A，IVANOV A，et al. Friction stir welding/processing of various metals with working tools of different materials and its peculiarities for titanium alloys：A review[J]. Metals，2023，13(5)：970.
[117] MOHAN D G，WU Chuansong. A review on friction stir welding of steels[J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering，2021，34(1)：137.