Research Progress of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds for Soft Tissue Defect Repair

doi:10.3901/JME.2024.15.255

Abstract

Abstract: The efficient repair of soft tissue defects caused by trauma such as car accidents, accidents, and tumor resection et al. surgical operations has always been a clinical pain point. Here looks back the repair methods and development status of soft tissue defects, and elaborates the repair principles and research progress of the three methods of bioscaffold graft repair, hydrogel injection repair, and bioscaffold minimally invasive injection. Focus on the analysis of the additive manufacturing method of bioscaffolds for soft tissue repairing, the types of hydrogels that can be used for minimally invasive injection and their cross-linking mechanisms, and the future development direction of bioscaffolds for soft tissue repair. Combining the high efficiency of tissue engineering scaffold repair and the convenience of minimally invasive hydrogel injection, the minimally invasive injection treatment of bioscaffolds will be a development hotspot in the future.

Key words: additive manufacturing, 3D printing, biological scaffold, hydrogel biomaterials, crosslinking mechanisms, minimally invasive injection

CLC Number:

YU Kang, FU Jianzhong, HE Yong. Research Progress of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds for Soft Tissue Defect Repair[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2024, 60(15): 255-271.

References

[1] 张承飞，陈宗华，卢学军，等.胫骨开放性骨折伴软组织严重损伤治疗探讨[J].中华损伤与修复杂志(电子版)，2007(5):323-328. ZHANG Chengfei，CHEN Zonghua，LU Xuejun，et al.Study of treating open tibial fractures acompanying local severe soft tissue injurie[J].Chinese Journal of Injury Repair and Wound Healing，2007(5):323-328.
[2] ZHAO J T.Free iliac skin flap transplantation by anastomosing the fourth lumbar blood vessel[J].Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery，1986，77(5):835-842.
[3] BELLINI E，GRIECO M P，RAPOSIO E.The science behind autologous fat grafting[J].Annals of Medicine and Surgery，2017，24:65-73.
[4] SIMONNACCI F，BERTOZZI N，GRIECO M P，et al.Procedure，applications，and outcomes of autologous fat grafting[J].Annals of Medicine and Surgery，2017，20:49-60.
[5] HENKEL J，WOODRUFF M A，EPARI D R，et al.Bone regeneration based on tissue engineering conceptions — A 21st Century perspective[J].Bone Research，2013，1(1):216-248.
[6] CHOI J H，GIMBLE J M，LEE K，et al.Adipose tissue engineering for soft tissue regeneration[J].Tissue Engineering Part B:Reviews，2010，16(4):413-426.
[7] WEITMAN E，CUZZONE D，MEHRARA B J.Tissue engineering and regeneration of lymphatic structures[J].Future Oncology，2013，9(9):1365-1374.
[8] GOEL A，MEHER M K，GULATI K，et al.Chapter 3- fabrication of biopolymer-based organs and tissues using 3D bioprinting[M].In 3D Printing Technology in Nanomedicine，2019.
[9] IORDACHE F.Chapter 2- Bioprinted scaffolds[M].In 3D Printing Technology in Nanomedicine，2019，35-60.
[10] MUKHERJEE P，RANI A SARAVANAN P.Chapter 4- polymeric materials for 3D Bioprinting[M].In 3D Printing Technology in Nanomedicine，2019.
[11] DRURY J L MOONEY D J.Hydrogels for tissue engineering:Scaffold design variables and applications[J].Biomaterials，2003，24(24):4337-4351.
[12] GARCIA J R，CAMPBELL P F，KUMAR G，et al.A minimally invasive，translational method to deliver hydrogels to the heart through the pericardial space[J].JACC:Basic to Translational Science，2017，2(5):601-609.
[13] 郭力，丁晓斌.面部注射美容技术发展浅析[J].泸州医学院学报，2016，39(4):307-309. GUO Li，DING Xiaobin.Analysis on the development of facial injection beauty technology[J].Journal of Southwest Medical University，2016，39(4):307-309.
[14] 王川颖.玻尿酸注射美容填充50例临床体会分析[J].中国继续医学教育，2016，26(8):152-153. WANG Chuanying.Analysis of 50 cases of hyaluronic acid injection cosmetic filling[J].China Continuing Medical Education，2016，26(8):152-153.
[15] 王怀琳.A型肉毒毒素与玻尿酸在眉间纹联合注射的临床治疗分析[D].大连:大连医科大学，2014. WANG Huailin.The applications of botulinum toxin type A in the frown line treatment and hyaluronic acid injection treatment[D].Dalian:Dalian Medical University，2014.
[16] 邵惠锋，贺永，傅建中.增材制造可降解人工骨的研究进展——从外形定制到性能定制[J].浙江大学学报，2018(6):1035-1057. SHAO Huifeng，HE Yong，FU Jianzhong.Research advance of degradable artificial bone with additive manufacturing:Customization from geomrtric shape to property[J].Journal of Zhejiang University，2018(6):1035-1057.
[17] XIE M，GAO Q，ZHAO H，et al.Electro-assisted bioprinting of low-concentration GelMA microdroplets[J].Small，2019，15(4):1804216.
[18] SHAO L，GAO Q，XIE C，et al.Directly coaxial 3D bioprinting of large-scale vascularized tissue constructs[J].Biofabrication，2020，12(3):035014.
[19] SCHIMIDT M，MERKLEIN M，BOURELL D，et al.Laser based additive manufacturing in industry and academia[J].CIRP Annals，2017，66(2):561-583.
[20] ZHANG P，WANG H，WANG P，et al.Lightweight 3D bioprinting with point by point photocuring[J].Bioactive Materials，2021，6(5):1402-1412.
[21] MOTT E J，BUSSO M，LUO X，et al.Digital micromirror device (DMD)-based 3D printing of poly(propylene fumarate) scaffolds[J].Materials Science and Engineering:C，2016，61:301-311.
[22] YU K，ZHANG X，SUN Y，et al.Printability during projection-based 3D bioprinting[J].Bioactive Materials，2022，11:254-267.
[23] MU Q，WANG L，DUNN C K，et al.Digital light processing 3D printing of conductive complex structures[J].Additive Manufacturing，2017，18:74-83.
[24] KELLY B E，BHATTACHARYA I，HEIDARI H，et al.Volumetric additive manufacturing via tomographic reconstruction[J].Science，2019，363(6431):1075-1079.
[25] BERNAL P N，DELROT P，LOTERIE D，et al.Volumetric bioprinting of complex living-tissue constructs within seconds[J].Advanced Materials，2019，31(42):1904209.
[26] Raman R，Bashir R.Chapter 6- Stereolithographic 3D bioprinting for biomedical applications[J].Essentials of 3D Biofabrication and Translation，2015:89-121.
[27] Wang W，Ye J，Gong H，et al.Computer- stereolithography-based laser rapid prototyping & manufacturing system[J].IFAC Proceedings Volumes，1999，32(2):61-66.
[28] Chan V，Zorlutuna P，Jeong J H，et al.Three-dimensional photopatterning of hydrogels using stereolithography for long-term cell encapsulation[J].Lab on a Chip，2010，10(16):2062-2070.
[29] Nguyen AK，Narayan RJ.Two-photon polymerization for biological applications[J].Materials Today，2017，20(6):314-322.
[30] Paz VF，Emons M，Obata K，et al.Development of functional sub-100 nm structures with 3D two-photon polymerization technique and optical methods for characterization[J].Journal of Laser Applications，2012，24(4):042004.
[31] Melissinaki V，Gill AA，Ortega I，et al.Direct laser writing of 3D scaffolds for neural tissue engineering applications[J].Biofabrication，2011，3(4):045005.
[32] Zhang AP，Qu X，Soman P，et al.Rapid fabrication of complex 3d extracellular microenvironments by dynamic optical projection stereolithography[J].Advanced Materials，2012，24(31):4266-4270.
[33] Tumbleston JR，Shirvanyants D，Ermoshkin N，et al.Continuous liquid interface production of 3D objects[J].Science，2015，347(6228):1349-1352.
[34] Batch GL and Macosko CW.Oxygen inhibition in differential scanning calorimetry of free radical polymerization[J].Thermochimica Acta，1990，166:185-198.
[35] Lim KS，Levato R，Costa PF，et al.Bio-resin for high resolution lithography-based biofabrication of complex cell-laden constructs[J].Biofabrication，2018，10(3):034101.
[36] Shusteff M，Browar AEM，Kelly BE，et al.One-step volumetric additive manufacturing of complex polymer structures[J].Science Advances，2017，3(12):eaao5496.
[37] Urciuolo A，Poli I，Brandolino L，et al.Intravital three-dimensional bioprinting[J].Nature Biomedical Engineering，2020，4(9):901-915.
[38] Adib AA，Sheikhi A，Shahhosseini M，et al.Direct-write 3D printing and characterization of a GelMA-based biomaterial for intracorporeal tissue engineering[J].Biofabrication，2020，12(4):045006.
[39] Hasan A，Khattab A，Islam MA，et al.Injectable hydrogels for cardiac tissue repair after myocardial infarction[J].Advanced Science，2015，2(11):1500122.
[40] Song K，Li L，Li W，et al.Three-dimensional dynamic fabrication of engineered cartilage based on chitosan/gelatin hybrid hydrogel scaffold in a spinner flask with a special designed steel frame[J].Materials Science and Engineering:C，2015，55:384-392.
[41] Klotz BJ，Gawlitta D，Rosenberg AJWP，et al.Gelatin-methacryloyl hydrogels:Towards biofabrication-based tissue repair[J].Trends in Biotechnology，2016，34(5):394-407.
[42] Geng X，Mo X，Fan L，et al.Hierarchically designed injectable hydrogel from oxidized dextran，amino gelatin and 4-arm poly(ethylene glycol)-acrylate for tissue engineering application[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry，2012，22(48):25130-25139.
[43] Oh BHL，Bismarck A，Chan-Park MB.Injectable，interconnected，high-porosity macroporous biocompatible gelatin scaffolds made by surfactant-free emulsion templating[J].Macromolecular Rapid Communications，2015，36(4):364-372.
[44] Parmar PA，Chow LW，St-Pierre J-P，et al.Collagen-mimetic peptide-modifiable hydrogels for articular cartilage regeneration[J].Biomaterials，2015，54:213-225.
[45] Fratzl P.Collagen:Structure and mechanics，an introduction[M].Singapore:Springer，2008.
[46] Dai W，Wold LE，Dow JS，et al.Thickening of the infarcted wall by collagen injection improves left ventricular function in rats:A novel approach to preserve cardiac function after myocardial infarction[J].Journal of the American College of Cardiology，2005，46(4):714-719.
[47] Yuan L，Li B，Yang J，et al.Effects of composition and mechanical property of injectable collagen I/II Composite hydrogels on chondrocyte behaviors[J].Tissue Engineering Part A，2016，22(11-12):899-906.
[48] Pellá MCG，Lima-Tenório MK，Tenório-Neto ET，et al.Chitosan-based hydrogels:From preparation to biomedical applications[J].Carbohydrate Polymers，2018，196:233-245.
[49] Bhattarai N，Gunn J and Zhang M.Chitosan-based hydrogels for controlled，localized drug delivery[J].Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews，2010，62(1):83-99.
[50] Jin R，Moreira Teixeira LS，Krouwels A，et al.Synthesis and characterization of hyaluronic acid–poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels via Michael addition:An injectable biomaterial for cartilage repair[J].Acta Biomaterialia，2010，6(6):1968-1977.
[51] Shen Z，CUI X，Hou R，et al.Tough biodegradable chitosan–gelatin hydrogels via in situ precipitation for potential cartilage tissue engineering[J].RSC Advances，2015，5(69):55640-55647.
[52] Naderi-Meshkin H，Andreas K，Matin MM，et al.Chitosan-based injectable hydrogel as a promising in situ forming scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering[J].Cell Biology International，2014，38(1):72-84.
[53] Kamoun E A.N-succinyl chitosan–dialdehyde starch hybrid hydrogels for biomedical applications[J].Journal of Advanced Research，2016，7(1):69-77.
[54] Venkatesan J，Bhatnagar I，Manivasagan P，et al.Alginate composites for bone tissue engineering:A review[J].International Journal of Biological Macromolecules，2015，72:269-281.
[55] Kretlow J D，Young S，Klouda L，et al.Injectable biomaterials for regenerating complex craniofacial tissues[J].Advanced Materials，2009，21(32-33):3368-3393.
[56] Jaikumar D，Sajesh KM，Soumya S，et al.Injectable alginate-O-carboxymethyl chitosan/nano fibrin composite hydrogels for adipose tissue engineering[J].International Journal of Biological Macromolecules，2015，74:318-326.
[57] Zhao L，Weir M D and Xu H H K.An injectable calcium phosphate-alginate hydrogel-umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell paste for bone tissue engineering[J].Biomaterials，2010，31(25):6502-6510.
[58] Muzzarelli R A A，Greco F，Busilacchi A，et al.Chitosan，hyaluronan and chondroitin sulfate in tissue engineering for cartilage regeneration:A review[J].Carbohydrate Polymers，2012，89(3):723-739.
[59] Palumbo F S，Fiorica C，Di Stefano M，et al.In situ forming hydrogels of hyaluronic acid and inulin derivatives for cartilage regeneration[J].Carbohydrate Polymers，2015，122:408-416.
[60] Yu F，Cao X，Li Y，et al.An injectable hyaluronic acid/PEG hydrogel for cartilage tissue engineering formed by integrating enzymatic crosslinking and Diels–Alder “click chemistry”[J].Polymer Chemistry，2014，5(3):1082-1090.
[61] 叶菁芸，曾戎，屠美，等.基于溶剂置换的壳聚糖水凝胶的构建及力学性能研究[J].功能材料，2011，42(8):1453-1456. YE Jingyun，ZENG Rong，TU Mei，et al.Study on the construction and mechanical properties of chitosan hydrogels based on solvent exchange[J].Journal of Functional Materials，2011，42(8):1453-1456.
[62] 张念一，黄秀晶，张青松，等.化学/离子交联水凝胶的透光度溶胀行为和力学性能[J].高分子材料科学与工程，2014，30(4):64-69. ZHANG Nianyi，HUANG Xiujing，ZHANG Qingsong，et al.Transparency，swelling behavior and mechanical properties of hydrogel cross-linked by chemical/ionic cross-linker[J].Polymer Materials Science & Engineering，2014，30(4):64-69.
[63] Douglas T E L，Schietse J，Zima A，et al.Novel self-gelling injectable hydrogel/alpha-tricalcium phosphate composites for bone regeneration:Physiochemical and microcomputer tomographical characterization[J].Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A，2018，106(3):822-828.
[64] Chan L W，Jin Y，Heng P W S.Cross-linking mechanisms of calcium and zinc in production of alginate microspheres[J].International Journal of Pharmaceutics，2002，242(1):255-258.
[65] Russo R，Malinconico M and Santagata G.Effect of cross-linking with calcium ions on the physical properties of alginate films[J].Biomacromolecules，2007，8(10):3193-3197.
[66] Wu H，Yang J，Tsai T，et al.Development of a chitosan–polyglutamate based injectable polyelectrolyte complex scaffold[J].Carbohydrate Polymers，2011，85(2):318-324.
[67] Ruel-Gariépy E，Leroux J-C.In situ-forming hydrogels—review of temperature-sensitive systems[J].European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics，2004，58(2):409-426.
[68] Wang P，Zhang J，Li Y，et al.A nucleoside responsive diaminotriazine-based hydrogen bonding strengthened hydrogel[J].Materials Letters，2015，142:71-74.
[69] Tang L，Liu W，Liu G.High-strength hydrogels with integrated functions of h-bonding and thermoresponsive surface-mediated reverse transfection and cell detachment[J].Advanced Materials，2010，22(24):2652-2656.
[70] Zhai X，Ma Y，Hou C，et al.3D-printed high strength bioactive supramolecular polymer/clay nanocomposite hydrogel scaffold for bone regeneration[J].ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering，2017，3(6):1109-1118.
[71] Sivashanmugam A，Arun Kumar R，Vishnu Priya M，et al.An overview of injectable polymeric hydrogels for tissue engineering[J].European Polymer Journal，2015，72:543-565.
[72] Yuan L，Wu Y，Gu Q，et al.Injectable photo crosslinked enhanced double-network hydrogels from modified sodium alginate and gelatin[J].International Journal of Biological Macromolecules，2017，96:569-577.
[73] Choi J R，Yong K W，Choi J Y，et al.Recent advances in photo-crosslinkable hydrogels for biomedical applications[J].BioTechniques，2019，66(1):40-53.
[74] Lim K S，Klotz B J，Lindberg G C J，et al.Visible light cross-linking of gelatin hydrogels offers an enhanced cell microenvironment with improved light penetration depth[J].Macromolecular Bioscience，2019，19(6):1900098.
[75] Urushibara A，Kodama S，Yokoya A.Induction of genetic instability by transfer of a UV-A-irradiated chromosome[J].Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis，2014，766:29-34.
[76] Yoon S-J，Yoo Y，Nam S E，et al.The cocktail effect of BMP-2 and TGF-β1 loaded in visible light-cured glycol chitosan hydrogels for the enhancement of bone formation in a rat tibial defect model[J].Marine Drugs，2018，16(10):351.
[77] Yoon S-J，Hyun H，Lee D-W，et al.Visible light-cured glycol chitosan hydrogel containing a beta-cyclodextrin-curcumin inclusion complex improves wound healing In Vivo[J].Molecules，2017，22(9):1513.
[78] Hyun H，Park M H，Lim W，et al.Injectable visible light-cured glycol chitosan hydrogels with controlled release of anticancer drugs for local cancer therapy in vivo:a feasible study[J].Artificial Cells，Nanomedicine，and Biotechnology，2018，46(sup2):874-882.
[79] Pereira R F，Sousa A，Barrias C C，et al.Advances in bioprinted cell-laden hydrogels for skin tissue engineering[J].Biomanufacturing Reviews，2017，2(1):1.
[80] Khalili R，Zarrintaj P，Jafari S H，et al.Electroactive poly (p-phenylene sulfide)/r-graphene oxide/chitosan as a novel potential candidate for tissue engineering[J].International Journal of Biological Macromolecules，2020，154:18-24.
[81] Nilforoushzadeh M A，Khodadadi Yazdi M，Baradaran Ghavami S，et al.Mesenchymal stem cell spheroids embedded in an injectable thermosensitive hydrogel:An In Situ drug formation platform for accelerated wound healing[J].ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering，2020，6(9):5096-5109.
[82] Suri S，Schmidt C E.Cell-laden hydrogel constructs of hyaluronic acid，collagen，and laminin for neural tissue engineering[J].Tissue Engineering Part A，2010，16(5):1703-1716.
[83] Tseng T-C，Tao L，Hsieh F-Y，et al.An injectable，self-healing hydrogel to repair the central nervous system[J].Advanced Materials，2015，27(23):3518-3524.
[84] Hsieh F Y，Lin H H，Hsu S H.3D bioprinting of neural stem cell-laden thermoresponsive biodegradable polyurethane hydrogel and potential in central nervous system repair[J].Biomaterials，2015，71:48-57.
[85] Sepantafar M，Maheronnaghsh R，Mohammadi H，et al.Stem cells and injectable hydrogels:Synergistic therapeutics in myocardial repair[J].Biotechnology Advances，2016，34(4):362-379.
[86] Ke X，Li M，Wang X，et al.An injectable chitosan/dextran/β -glycerophosphate hydrogel as cell delivery carrier for therapy of myocardial infarction[J].Carbohydrate Polymers，2020，229:115516.
[87] Bencherif S A，Sands R W，Bhatta D，et al.Injectable preformed scaffolds with shape-memory properties[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences，2012，109(48):19590-19595.
[88] Ying G，Jiang N，Parra-Cantu C，et al.Bioprinted Injectable hierarchically porous gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel constructs with shape-memory properties[J].Advanced Functional Materials，2020，30(46):2003740.
[89] Nourbakhsh M，Zarrintaj P，Jafari SH，et al.Fabricating an electroactive injectable hydrogel based on pluronic-chitosan/aniline-pentamer containing angiogenic factor for functional repair of the hippocampus ischemia rat model[J].Materials Science and Engineering:C，2020，117:111328.
[90] Wang Z Z，Sakiyama-Elbert S E.Matrices，scaffolds & carriers for cell delivery in nerve regeneration[J].Experimental Neurology，2019，319:112837.
[91] Ji D Y，Kuo T F，Wu H D，et al.A novel injectable chitosan/polyglutamate polyelectrolyte complex hydrogel with hydroxyapatite for soft-tissue augmentation[J].Carbohydrate Polymers，2012，89(4):1123-1130.