风机塔筒螺栓节点力学行为的非线性研究

doi:10.3901/JME.260141

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 对某型2 MW风电机组第二层塔筒螺栓(10.9级M48)节点实施单扇面法兰的实验与模拟研究，分析了不同预紧力下螺栓紧固力随外载荷的演化关系，发展了一种针对有限刚度的L型法兰螺栓受力计算模型，并对节点受拉过程中螺栓弯曲以及法兰面分离现象进行进一步分析。模拟和实验测试表明：① 塔筒节点螺栓的紧固力增量与外部施加载荷呈非线性关系，新模型考虑了法兰外力施加区域相对宽度影响，预测结果与实验一致；② 螺栓受拉时的紧固力增量和弯曲效应随预紧力的提高而降低，预紧力正比于螺栓紧固力曲线的非线性拐点，但不影响拐点前的螺栓载荷系数；③ 偏心法兰的临界分离载荷与预紧力线性正相关；为抑制弯曲效应，应以法兰受额定外载荷时法兰螺栓孔外沿出现初始分离的临界预紧力作为设计最低预紧力；④ 偏心紧固节点受到不高于非线性起点的拉伸载荷时，法兰区域应力非均匀分布使得塔筒螺栓的载荷系数远小于由螺栓与法兰相对刚度计算的载荷系数，有利于降低螺栓疲劳应力幅值。

关键词: 风机, 螺栓, 预紧力, 螺栓载荷波动, 模型

Abstract: The single-sector flange bolt joint of a 2 MW wind turbine is investigated, and the bolts (Grade 10.9, M48) in second-layer tower are specifically used for experimental and simulation analyses. The relationship between the clamping force and the external load under different bolt preload conditions is examined, and a mechanical model for calculating force in L-shaped flange bolts with finite stiffness is developed. The bending of bolts and the separation of flange surfaces during tension are also investigated. The simulation and experimental results are presented as follows: First, the incremental clamping force of the tower bolts is nonlinearly related to the external load. The relative width of the external load area on the flange is incorporated into the new mechanical model, demonstrating close agreement between predictions and experimental results. Secondly, a reduction is noted in both the bolt load increment and bending effect under tensile load as the initial preload increases. A positive correlation is observed between the preload and the nonlinear starting point of the load-clamping force curve, with no significant impact on the load factor before the inflection point. Thirdly, the stress distribution in the flange contact area under tension shows that the critical separation load of the eccentric flange is linearly positively correlated with the preload. The minimum design preload should be based on the critical preload that causes initial separation of the bolt hole near the external load side when the flange is subjected to rated external load. Finally, when eccentric joints are subjected to tensile loads below the nonlinear starting point, the significant reduction in the real load factor of the tower bolt compared to that calculated from the relative bolt-flange stiffness is attributed to the non-uniform stress distribution in the flange area, which is beneficial for reducing the fatigue stress amplitude of the bolt.

Key words: wind turbine, bolt, preload, bolt load variation, model

中图分类号:

TH131

徐永生, 张华, 徐凌超, 陈特, 张卫刚, 叶林. 风机塔筒螺栓节点力学行为的非线性研究[J]. 机械工程学报, 2026, 62(13): 231-240.

XU Yongsheng, ZHANG Hua, XU Lingchao, CHEN Te, ZHANG Weigang, YE Lin. Study on Nonlinear Mechanical Behavior of Bolt and Flange of Wind Turbine Tower[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2026, 62(13): 231-240.

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http://www.cjmenet.com.cn/CN/Y2026/V62/I13/231

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