倾斜基板铝合金增材制造尺寸规律及性能研究

doi:10.3901/JME.2025.01.326

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 电弧增材制造效率高，成本低，可以实现铝合金的快速成形，但考虑实际待修复制造工件工况复杂，体积过大不易搬运或者拆卸困难等因素，需要对倾斜状态下电弧增材制造工艺进行研究。采用MIG电弧增材制造工艺在倾斜45°基板上制备5083铝合金，利用实验和数学模型相结合的方法研究了电弧增材制造过程中各参数(焊接电流I、焊接速度v、焊枪高度L)对试件成形尺寸(熔宽W、层高H、峰值偏移量μ)的影响规律，利用拉伸试验、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等实验方法，研究了倾斜基板增材制造5083铝合金不同位置处的气孔缺陷，Mg元素含量以及力学性能差异。结果表明，数学模型预测效果较为准确，各参数影响规律与实验相验证，倾斜基板下焊接电流对熔宽的影响最大，焊接速度对层高的影响最大，焊枪高度的影响较小。利用耦合参数制造的铝合金结构件成形较好，尺寸稳定层间熔合良好，未发现明显裂纹。倾斜基板下制造的5083铝合金不同位置处的断口形貌，断裂方式以及气孔分布均表现出不同程度的各向异性，横向平均抗拉强度为330 MPa，最大延伸率为16.67%，纵向平均抗拉强度为296 MPa，最大延伸率为15.11%，可以认为横向拉伸性能要优于纵向的拉伸性能。

关键词: 倾斜基板, 微重力, 增材制造, 正交试验, 成形尺寸, 力学性能

Abstract: Arc additive manufacturing has high efficiency and low cost, and can realize rapid forming of aluminum alloy. However, considering the actual conditions of the workpiece to be repaired are complicated, the volume is too large and difficult to carry or disassemble, it is necessary to study the arc additive manufacturing process under the inclined state. 5083 aluminum alloy is prepared on a 45° inclined substrate by MIG arc additive manufacturing process. The effects of various parameters (welding current I, welding speed v, welding torch height L) on the forming size (welding width W, layer height H, peak offset μ) during arc additive manufacturing are studied by combining experiments and mathematical models. The porosity defects, Mg content and mechanical properties of 5083 aluminum alloy are studied by means of tensile test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the prediction effect of the mathematical model is more accurate, and the influence law of each parameter is verified by the experiment. The welding current has the greatest influence on the welding width, the welding speed has the greatest influence on the height of the welding torch under the inclined substrate. The aluminum alloy structure made by coupling parameters has good forming, good dimensional stable interlayer fusion and no obvious cracks. The fracture morphology, fracture mode and porosity distribution of 5083 aluminum alloy manufactured under inclined substrate show different degrees of anisotropy at different positions. The average transverse tensile strength is 330 MPa and the maximum elongation is 16.67%; the average longitudinal tensile strength is 296 MPa and the maximum elongation is 15.11%. It can be considered that the transverse tensile property is better than the longitudinal tensile property.

Key words: inclined substrate, microgravity, additive manufacturing, orthogonal test, molding size, mechanical properties

中图分类号:

TG444

杨超雄, 张兆栋, 沙禹垚, 刘黎明. 倾斜基板铝合金增材制造尺寸规律及性能研究[J]. 机械工程学报, 2025, 61(1): 326-334.

YANG Chaoxiong, ZHANG Zhaodong, SHA Yuyao, LIU Liming. Study on Dimensional Rule and Properties of Aluminum Alloy Additive Manufacturing with Inclined Substrate[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2025, 61(1): 326-334.

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