密封间隙沸腾两相机理仿真与试验

doi:10.3901/JME.260475

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 非接触动静结合型机械密封是液体火箭发动机高速涡轮泵的关键核心部件，其端面间形成的液膜能有效防止碰磨、显著提升工作寿命；但液膜受高速、高压、易汽化且低粘度介质等极端工况影响极易产生液-气两相流，其对整机安全运行带来威胁，且该类密闭空间中的微通道两相流形成机理尚不明确，也无适配的可借鉴模型和试验结果。采用数值仿真和试验相结合的方法对微小间隙内沸腾两相流的形成以及演化进行研究，提出基于VOF理论的间隙沸腾两相流模型，搭建一套基于高速摄像系统的介质沸腾可视化试验平台，探究间隙内水汽化过程的气泡形成规律及工况参数(温度、流量、流速等)对液气相变行为表征参数(气相占比、换热系数、起始饱和沸腾点等)的影响特征。结果表明，入口温度较高、流速较小时，随热流密度增加，气相占比增大，两相流型更偏向出现泡状流及弹状流；随入口温度增加、流量减小，平均换热系数增大，起始饱和沸腾点向入口靠近。多组试验和仿真结果对比表明理论模型具有一定的合理性，在不同温度和流量下平均换热系数和起始饱和沸腾点的最小、平均相对误差为7.5%和2.6%、20.3%和15.1%。研究结果将为获得机械密封微通道间隙内两相流的形成机理以及保证涡轮泵的安全运行提供重要的理论和试验价值。

关键词: 沸腾两相流, 机械密封, 液气相变, VOF模型, 可视化试验

Abstract: The non-contact hydrodynamic mechanical seal is a key core component of the high-speed turbopump of the liquid rocket engine, and the liquid film between seal pairs can effectively prevent the abrasion and significantly improve the seal’s life. But the film is easily induced to form a liquid-gas two-phase flow because of the extreme working conditions such as high speed, high pressure, and easy vaporization of low viscosity fluid, etc, which may threaten the safe operation of the whole turbopump. Moreover, the formation mechanism on this kind of microchannel two-phase flow in such sealed space is unclear, and there is no available theoretical model and experimental results. In this paper, the formation and evolution of boiling two-phase flow in micro-gaps are studied by combining the numerical simulation and experimental test. A gap boiling two-phase flow model based on the VOF model is proposed, and a set of boiling visualization experiment platforms based on a high-speed camera system is built. The bubble formation law of the water vaporization process in the gap and the influence of working parameters (temperature, flow rate, velocity, etc.) on gas-liquid phase transition behavior characterization parameters (gas phase proportion, heat transfer coefficient, initial saturated boiling position, etc.) are explored. The results show that when the inlet temperature is high and the flow rate is low, with the increase of heat flux, the gas phase proportion increases, and the two-phase flow pattern is more inclined to bubble and slug flow. With the inlet temperature increases and the volume flow rate decreases, the average heat transfer coefficient increases, and the initial saturated boiling position is closer to the inlet. The comparison of multiple sets of experimental and simulation results shows that the theoretical model has certain rationality, and the minimum and average relative errors of the average heat transfer coefficient and the initial saturation boiling point at different temperatures and flow rates are 7.5% and 2.6%, 20.3% and 15.1%, respectively. The results will provide the important theoretical and experimental value for obtaining the mechanism on the formation of the two-phase flow in the microchannel gap of the mechanical seal and for ensuring the safe operation of the whole turbopump.

Key words: boiling two-phase flow, mechanical seal, liquid-gas phase transition, VOF model, visualization experiment

中图分类号:

TH117

黄森, 张国渊, 王杰, 赵洋洋, 赵伟刚, 王俊倩. 密封间隙沸腾两相机理仿真与试验[J]. 机械工程学报, 2026, 62(14): 402-414.

HUANG Sen, ZHANG Guoyuan, WANG Jie, ZHAO Yangyang, ZHAO Weigang, WANG Junqian. Simulation and Experiment on Mechanism of Boiling Two-phase Flow in Seal Gap[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2026, 62(14): 402-414.

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链接本文: http://www.cjmenet.com.cn/CN/10.3901/JME.260475

http://www.cjmenet.com.cn/CN/Y2026/V62/I14/402

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