空间在轨组装研究现状与展望

doi:10.3901/JME.260161

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 随着大型空间结构建设需求与日俱增，火箭发射能力及整流罩包络的局限性凸显，使得在轨组装技术逐渐成为构建空间结构的关键途径。在轨组装技术的智能化、自主化作为未来空间探索的核心技术，目前已成为国际航天领域的研究热点。系统梳理了国内外在轨组装技术的研究现状，重点分析了在轨宇航员组装、空间机器人组装、专用设备组装及在轨构建等组装方式。此外，从技术手段、任务对象等方面剖析了在轨组装技术的研究趋势。最后，展望了在轨组装未来研究的关键技术，包括新型材料设计与应用、机构设计方法与理论、自主空间机器人技术、模块化单元及连接接口设计、仿真与地面模拟试验验证、在轨组装任务的管理以及发展战略等方面。旨在为我国未来在轨组装技术的发展提供科学参考和技术支持。

关键词: 在轨组装, 大型空间结构, 空间环境, 自主建造, 空间机器人

Abstract: With the growing demand for constructing large-scale space structures and the limitations of rocket launch capacity and fairing volume becoming increasingly apparent, on-orbit assembly technology has gradually emerged as a key approach for building space architectures. As the intelligence and autonomy of on-orbit assembly systems are considered core capabilities for future space exploration, they are being positioned as major focal points of international aerospace research. The current state of on-orbit assembly research, both domestically and abroad, is systematically reviewed, with emphasis placed on astronaut-performed assembly, space-robotic assembly, dedicated-equipment assembly, and in-orbit construction methods. Research trends in on-orbit assembly are further analyzed from the perspectives of technical approaches and mission objectives. In addition, critical technologies required for future development are identified, including novel material design and application, mechanism design methods and theory, autonomous space robotics, modular unit and interface design, simulation and ground-based verification, in-orbit mission management, and strategic development planning. This review aims to provide scientific reference and technical support for the advancement of on-orbit assembly technologies in China.

Key words: on-orbit assembly, large-scale space structures, space environment, autonomous construction, space robots

中图分类号:

TP391

姚辰, 何宇航, 王思远, 杨旭东, 范凯越, 郭宏伟, 史创, 刘荣强, 邓宗全. 空间在轨组装研究现状与展望[J]. 机械工程学报, 2026, 62(13): 1-21.

YAO Chen, HE Yuhang, WANG Siyuan, YANG Xudong, FAN Kaiyue, GUO Hongwei, SHI Chuang, LIU Rongqiang, DENG Zongquan. Research Status and Prospects of Space On-orbit Assembly[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2026, 62(13): 1-21.

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http://www.cjmenet.com.cn/CN/Y2026/V62/I13/1

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