基于电磁超声横波双折射的钢板应力检测方法

doi:10.3901/JME.260192

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 残余应力由制造、加工等工艺过程引起，可能导致钢板产生屈服、疲劳及脆性断裂等失效问题，严重影响结构的性能与安全性。如何实现高效、精准且无损的残余应力检测，一直是该领域的研究难点与热点。针对传统电磁超声声弹性法存在信号幅值低、时域检测困难的问题，提出采用电磁声谐振的方法进行信号增强，并将传统声时差提取方式转化为基于幅度谱分析的平面应力检测方法。为验证该方法的有效性，搭建了钢板平面应力超声测量试验平台，利用万能试验机对1 mm厚的Q235钢板施加单轴拉伸载荷，采用扫频技术采集谐振信号。通过对信号进行时域与频域的降噪与增强处理，提取不同探头旋转角度下的声速频域响应，并与拉伸应力数值进行拟合分析。经试验验证，不同探头旋转角度下声速响应存在明显规律，其中在探头旋转角为45°时应力检测精度最高，最大绝对误差控制在6 MPa以内。试验结果表明，基于电磁超声谐振的幅度谱分析方法能够有效提升平面应力检测的精度与稳定性，为残余应力无损检测技术的发展提供了新的思路与方法支持。

关键词: 应力检测, 电磁超声, 横波双折射, 低碳钢板, 电磁声谐振

Abstract: Residual stress, induced during manufacturing and processing, can lead to material failures such as yield, fatigue, and brittle fracture in steel plates, significantly compromising structural performance and safety. How to achieve efficient, precise, and non-destructive residual stress detection has long been a challenging yet critical research focus in this field. To address the limitations of traditional acoustoelastic methods with electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT), such as low signal amplitude and difficulties in time-domain detection, an electromagnetic acoustic resonance (EMAR) approach is proposed for signal enhancement, and the traditional time-of-flight (TOF) extraction is transformed into a planar stress detection method based on amplitude spectrum analysis. To validate the effectiveness of this method, an ultrasonic measurement experimental platform for plane stress detection of steel plates was constructed. A uniaxial tensile load was applied to a 1 mm-thick Q235 steel plate with a universal testing machine, and swept-frequency excitation was employed to capture resonance signals. After noise reduction and enhancement in both time and frequency domains, the acoustic velocity frequency-domain responses at different probe rotation angles were extracted and fitted against the applied tensile stress. Experimental results demonstrated a clear correlation between acoustic velocity response and probe rotation angle, and the highest stress detection accuracy was achieved at a 45° rotation angle, with a maximum absolute error within 6 MPa. The results show that the amplitude spectrum analysis method based on EMAR significantly improves the precision and stability of plane stress detection, providing a novel and effective approach for advancing non-destructive residual stress testing technology.

Key words: stress detection, electromagnetic acoustic transducer, shear wave birefringence, low-carbon steel plate, electromagnetic acoustic resonance (EMAR)

中图分类号:

TP212

师英杰, 徐科, 雷泰然, 张毅. 基于电磁超声横波双折射的钢板应力检测方法[J]. 机械工程学报, 2025, 62(6): 257-266.

SHI Yingjie, XU Ke, LEI Tairan, ZHANG Yi. Stress Detection Method for Steel Plates Using Shear Wave Birefringence with Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2025, 62(6): 257-266.

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http://www.cjmenet.com.cn/CN/Y2025/V62/I6/257

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