功能基元序构的4D打印仿螺钉电磁超材料及其性能研究

doi:10.3901/JME.260083

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 4D打印为电磁超材料提供了多材料和多维度的制造能力，借助材料对外界刺激的响应，可充分发挥其动态可调谐性和多功能集成的优势。以工程机械中的螺钉为仿生结构原型，用CB/PLA复合线材作为电磁损耗基体，CB/TPU-PLA复合线材为4D智能材料基底，利用熔融沉积成型(FDM)技术设计并制造了功能基元序构的4D打印仿螺钉电磁超材料。研究了多材料组合和结构几何参数对电磁超材料吸波性能的影响，并揭示其宽频吸收机制。仿真和实测结果表明：电磁超材料的有效吸收频宽(EAB)高达36.95 GHz，最小反射损耗为-33.26 dB；在入射角θ=0～60°的范围内具有优异的广角吸收特性(EAB≥ 34.66 GHz)。此外，电磁超材料还表现出优异的形状记忆性能，30 s内的形状回复率＞90%。仿螺钉电磁超材料有效吸收频带广，兼具良好形状记忆特性，为智能电磁防护、自适应隐身等应用提供新方案，助力电磁超材料向多功能集成化发展。

关键词: 4D打印, 电磁隐身超材料, 仿生结构, 宽频电磁吸波, 形状记忆性能

Abstract: 4D printing offers electromagnetic metamaterials enhanced manufacturing capabilities for multi-material systems and multi-dimensional structures. Leveraging the stimulus-responsive behavior of materials, it unlocks significant advantages in dynamic tunability and multifunctional integration. The screw structure from mechanical engineering as a bio-inspired prototype is taked. Using CB/PLA composite filament as the EM-loss matrix and CB/TPU-PLA composite filament as the 4D smart material substrate, a functionally graded element-sequenced, 4D printed screw-like electromagnetic metamaterial is designed and fabricated via fused deposition modeling (FDM). The influence of multi-material combinations and structural geometric parameters on the microwave absorption performance of the metamaterial is investigated, and its broadband absorption mechanisms are elucidated. Both simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the metamaterial exhibits an exceptionally wide effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 36.95 GHz and a minimum reflection loss of -33.26 dB. It also possesses excellent wide-angle absorption characteristics (EAB ≥ 34.66 GHz) across an incidence angle range of θ = 0-60°. Furthermore, the metamaterial exhibits outstanding shape memory properties, achieving a shape recovery ratio exceeding 90% within 30 seconds. Combining a broad effective absorption bandwidth with favorable shape memory characteristics, the screw-like electromagnetic metamaterial provides a novel solution for applications such as intelligent electromagnetic protection and adaptive stealth. This work contributes to the advancement of electromagnetic metamaterials towards multifunctional integration.

Key words: 4D printing, microwave-absorbing metamaterial, bio-inspired structure, broadband microwave absorption, shape memory properties

中图分类号:

TG164

邓开鑫, 宋军, 方儒轩, 宋波. 功能基元序构的4D打印仿螺钉电磁超材料及其性能研究[J]. 机械工程学报, 2026, 62(3): 248-259.

DENG Kaixin, SONG Jun, FANG Ruxuan, SONG Bo. 4D Printed Screw-like Electromagnetic Metamaterial with Functionally Graded Element Sequencing and Its Performance Investigation[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2026, 62(3): 248-259.

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