锂离子电池低温加热技术研究进展及应用综述

doi:10.3901/JME.2025.22.109

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 以电动汽车为代表的新能源汽车迎来了前所未有的发展机遇。锂离子电池凭借高比能、低自放电率及长寿命等优点，成为电动汽车动力系统的主流选择。然而，低温下锂离子电池性能显著下降，直接导致电动汽车续航里程缩短，充电时间延长，还可能引发安全隐患，是电动汽车推广的一个核心难题。低温加热作为克服电池低温性能瓶颈的关键方法之一，是当前业界攻关的重点。对锂离子电池低温加热技术最新进展及实车应用现状进行了全面的总结和讨论，涵盖外部加热、内部加热和复合加热三类。全面阐述每种技术的原理、最新进展、优势劣势及潜在的优化空间。此外，对每种技术进行定性比较，并分析当前加热技术在实车上的应用现状。最后，探讨低温加热技术的未来发展前景，聚焦于关键技术突破与机遇，为低温加热技术的下一步研究和实车应用提供全面的视角。

关键词: 锂离子电池, 低温, 电池加热, 电动汽车, 实车应用

Abstract: The new energy vehicles, exemplified by electric vehicles（EVs）, have embraced unprecedented opportunities for development. Lithium-ion batteries（LIBs）, leveraging their advantages such as high energy density, low self-discharge rate, and long lifespan, have emerged as the mainstream choice for EV power systems. However, the significant degradation of LIBs performance at low temperatures directly leads to reduced driving range, prolonged charging time, and potential safety hazards for EVs, posing a core challenge to their widespread adoption. Low-temperature heating, as one of the key methods to overcome the performance bottleneck of batteries at low temperatures, is currently the focus of industry research. This study comprehensively summarizes and discusses the latest advancements in low-temperature heating technologies for LIBs and their current application status in real vehicles, encompassing external heating, internal heating, and hybrid heating. It thoroughly elaborates on the principles, latest progress, strengths, weaknesses, and potential optimization opportunities of each technology. Additionally, it conducts a qualitative comparison of each technology and analyzes the current application status of heating technologies in real vehicles. Finally, the paper explores the future development prospects of low-temperature heating technologies, with an emphasis on key technological breakthroughs and opportunities, providing a comprehensive perspective for the next steps in research and real-vehicle applications of low-temperature heating technologies.

Key words: lithium-ion batteries, low temperature, battery heating, electric vehicles, real-vehicle application

中图分类号:

TG156

熊瑞, 朱宇华, 张骞慧, 张奎, 梅冰昂, 孙逢春. 锂离子电池低温加热技术研究进展及应用综述[J]. 机械工程学报, 2025, 61(22): 109-132.

XIONG Rui, ZHU Yuhua, ZHANG Qianhui, ZHANG Kui, MEI Bingang, SUN Fengchun. Review on Research Progress and Application of Low-temperature Heating Techniques for Lithium-ion Batteries[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2025, 61(22): 109-132.

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