三线槽式自补偿液体静压导轨油膜刚度优化设计

doi:10.3901/JME.2025.05.026

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 液体静压导轨是各类精密和超精密机床的核心功能部件，其油膜刚度是影响机床加工精度的关键性能指标。为提升三线槽式自补偿液体静压导轨的支承性能，提出了油膜刚度的准确计算与快速优化设计方法。设计了三线槽式自补偿液体静压滑块及导轨原理样机，基于液压欧姆定律和流量守恒条件建立了油膜刚度的理论模型，并通过数值模拟验证了其准确性。建立了油膜刚度最优化问题的数学模型，然后采用遗传算法对其进行求解，优化后的油膜刚度提高了约31.6%。设计并搭建了三线槽式自补偿液体静压导轨原理样机的油膜刚度测试系统，试验结果进一步验证了油膜刚度理论模型的准确性及优化设计的有效性。采用理论建模、数值模拟和试验测试相结合的方法对三线槽式自补偿液体静压导轨的油膜刚度进行了优化设计研究，实现了油膜刚度的准确计算与快速优化设计，为液体静压导轨支承性能的提升奠定了理论基础与技术支撑。

关键词: 液体静压导轨, 自补偿, 油膜刚度, 理论建模, 优化设计

Abstract: Hydrostatic slideways are the core functional components of various precision and ultra-precision machine tools, and their oil film stiffnesses are the key performance indices affecting the machining accuracies of the machine tools. In order to improve the support performance of self-compensated hydrostatic slideway with three-slot structures, the accurate computation and speedy optimization design methods for its oil film stiffness are proposed. A self-compensated hydrostatic slider and slideway prototype with three-slot structures are designed. The theoretical model of the oil film stiffness is established based on hydraulic Ohm's law and flow conservation, which is then validated by numerical simulation. The mathematical model for the optimization problem of the oil film stiffness is established and then solved by using genetic algorithm, and the oil film stiffness is increased by 31.6% approximately. The oil film stiffness test rig for the self-compensated hydrostatic slideway prototype is developed, and the experimental results further demonstrate the accuracy of the theoretical model and the effectiveness of the optimization design. The accurate computation and speedy optimization design for the oil film stiffness of self-compensated hydrostatic slideway with three-slot structures are achieved through the comprehensive study with an integration of theoretical modeling, numerical simulation and experimental test, which provide theoretical basis and technical support for improving the support performance of hydrostatic slideway.

Key words: hydrostatic slideway, self-compensation, oil film stiffness, theoretical modeling, optimization design

中图分类号:

TH117

陈刚利, 俞利庆, 崔海龙, 刘聪, 陈开强. 三线槽式自补偿液体静压导轨油膜刚度优化设计[J]. 机械工程学报, 2025, 61(5): 26-39.

CHEN Gangli, YU Liqing, CUI Hailong, LIU Cong, CHEN Kaiqiang. Optimization Design for the Oil Film Stiffness of Self-compensated Hydrostatic Slideway with Three-slot Structures[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2025, 61(5): 26-39.

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