电弧超声对316L不锈钢TIG焊缝成形、组织及性能的影响

doi:10.3901/JME.260335

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 316L不锈钢焊接常采用TIG焊，其中脉冲TIG焊能精准控制热输入，改善焊缝成形。但脉冲TIG焊对熔池搅拌和组织性能的提升有限。为进一步提升组织和性能，采用电弧超声耦合脉冲TIG焊接，研究了电弧超声对316L不锈钢焊缝成形、组织及性能的影响及交互作用机理。通过对所得焊缝成形、组织、拉伸性能及腐蚀性能的比较，明确各种电弧超声参数的影响。结果表明：应用电弧超声技术显著改善了焊缝成形，细化了焊缝组织，提高了焊缝金属的综合性能。超声电流幅值的改变对焊缝面积、接头塑性和耐腐蚀性能提升作用较明显，对抗拉强度影响不显著。在合适的超声电流频率下，声流效应和超声空化会引起熔池内部强烈的流动，可以促进熔池内溶质和热量的均匀分布，对成形、组织和力学性能均有正面作用，耐腐蚀性能在某些超声电流频率下也有提升。此外，施加间歇超声时的焊缝成形要优于原始无超声和连续超声。

关键词: 电弧超声, 316L, 晶粒细化, 力学性能, 腐蚀性能

Abstract: TIG welding is commonly employed for joining 316L stainless steel, with pulsed TIG welding enabling precise control of heat input and improved weld bead formation. However, the effects of pulsed TIG welding on melt pool agitation and microstructural refinement remain limited. To further enhance the weld microstructure and performance, arc-ultrasonic coupled pulsed TIG welding is adopted to investigate the influence and interaction mechanisms of arc-ultrasonic coupling on weld bead formation, microstructure, and properties of 316L stainless steel. Weld bead formation, microstructure, tensile properties, and corrosion resistance are systematically compared under different arc ultrasonic parameters. The application of arc ultrasonic energy is found to significantly improve weld bead formation, refine the microstructure, and enhance the comprehensive properties of the weld metal. Variations in ultrasonic current amplitude produce noticeable improvements in weld area, joint ductility, and corrosion resistance, while the tensile strength remains largely unaffected. At appropriate ultrasonic current frequencies, acoustic streaming and ultrasonic cavitation induce vigorous flow within the molten pool, promoting a more uniform distribution of solutes and thermal energy. These effects contribute positively to weld bead morphology, microstructural homogeneity, and mechanical performance. Furthermore, corrosion resistance is improved under certain ultrasonic frequencies. Intermittent ultrasonic application results in superior weld bead formation compared to both the non-ultrasonic and continuously applied ultrasonic conditions. Euler buckled beam formed negative stiffness mechanism is proposed and the static characteristic of which is analyzed. A quasi-zero stiffness isolator is designed by parallel connected the negative stiffness mechanism and a linear isolator. The Euler buckled beam structure functions as a stiffness corrector to lower the stiffness of the linear isolator. If the load is chosen properly, the equilibrium point will be set at the zero stiffness point, any changes of the load will lead the equilibrium point deviating from the zero stiffness point. The dynamic model is built considering the load effect and the Harmonic balance method is employed to solve for the dynamic response of the system. Force transmissibility of the zero stiffness isolator is defined and compared with that of an equivalent linear one. The effect of excitation amplitude and load on the performance is analyzed. The results show that the force excitation amplitude and load can change the characteristic of the nonlinear isolator from a hardening stiffness system to a softening stiffness system and even a mixed softening-hardening stiffness system. The excitation amplitude and load also have great affection on the transmissibility performance.

Key words: arc ultrasound, 316L, grain refinement, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance

中图分类号:

TG444

胡明珠, 杨光昌, 陈琪昊, 范阳阳, 林三宝. 电弧超声对316L不锈钢TIG焊缝成形、组织及性能的影响[J]. 机械工程学报, 2026, 62(12): 253-264.

HU Mingzhu, YANG Guangchang, CHEN Qihao, FAN Yangyang, LIN Sanbao. Effect of Ultrasonic Arc on Weld Formation, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 316L Stainless Steel in TIG Welding[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2026, 62(12): 253-264.

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Reference Manager|ProCite|BibTeX|RefWorks

链接本文: http://www.cjmenet.com.cn/CN/10.3901/JME.260335

http://www.cjmenet.com.cn/CN/Y2026/V62/I12/253

参考文献

[1] 耿真真，张钰柱，杜小将，等. S2-和Cl-对316L奥氏体不锈钢的腐蚀钝化行为的协同作用[J]. 中国腐蚀与防护学报，2024，44(3):797-806. GENG Zhenzhen，ZHANG Yuzhu，DU Xiaojiang，et al. The synergistic effect of S2- and Cl- on the corrosion passivation behavior of 316L austenitic stainless steel[J]. Journal of Chinese Society for Corrosion and Protection，2024，44(3):797-806.
[2] 王鹏朝，李文辉，李秀红，等. 滚抛磨块材质对SLM成型316L不锈钢表面滚磨光整效果影响的实验研究[J]. 中国科技论文，2024，19(8):928-936. WANG Pengchao，LI Wenhui，LI Xiuhong，et al. An experimental study on the effect of material about barrel finishing block on surface barrel finishing of SLM forming 316L stainless steel[J]. China Sciencepaper，2024，19(8):928-936.
[3] 渠慎全. 薄壁不锈钢管TIG焊接生产过程中钨极烧损状态监测[D]. 济南:山东大学，2022. QU Shenquan. Tungsten electrode erosion and its monitoring in high speed TIG welding process of thin-walled stainless steel pipes[D]. Jinan:Shandong University，2022.
[4] 程世佳，朱志明，符平坡. 基于电弧图像的脉冲TIG焊电弧形态及特征温度演变规律[J]. 清华大学学报(自然科学版)，2021，61(9):994-1001. CHENG Shijia，ZHU Zhiming，FU Pingpo. Arc shape variations and characteristic temperatures of pulsed TIG welding arcs based on observed arc images[J]. Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology)，2021，61(9):994-1001.
[5] SAHOO A，TRIPATHY S. Improvement in depth of weld penetration during TIG，activated-TIG, and pulsed TIG welding:A review[J]. International Journal of Manufacturing，Materials，and Mechanical Engineering (IJMMME)，2021，11(2):68-86.
[6] 吴健文，徐孟嘉，范文艳，等. 钛合金快频脉冲柔性波形调制TIG焊接工艺[J]. 机械工程学报，2020，56(6):102-109. WU Jianwen，XU Mengjia，FAN Wenyan，et al. Flexible waveform interpulse TIG welding for titanium alloy[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering，2020，56(6):102-109.
[7] ZHU C X，CHEON J，TANG X H，et al. Molten pool behaviors and their influences on welding defects in narrow gap GMAW of 5083 Al-alloy[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer，2018，126:1206-1221.
[8] DURGUTLU A，FINDIK T，GULENC B，et al. Effect of continuous and pulsed currents on microstructural evolution of stainless steel joined by TIG welding[J]. Practical Metallography，2015，52(11):627-637.
[9] YELAMASETTI B，KARUNA B N R，VARDHAN T V，et al. Mechanical and micro-structural studies of pulsed and constant current TIG weldments of super duplex stainless steels and Austenitic stainless steels[J]. High Temperature Materials and Processes，2024，43(1):20240003.
[10] 董浩，王恒霖，商鑫亭，等. 脉冲TIG焊FeCrAl合金板材焊接接头的组织及性能[J]. 焊接，2023(11):1-5. DONG Hao，WANG Henglin，SHANG Xinting，et al. Microstructure and properties of welded joint of pulse TIG welded FeCrAl alloy plate[J]. Welding & Joining，2023(11):1-5.
[11] 王程程，孙亚龙，陈琪昊，等. 电弧超声耦合波形对铝合金MIG焊缝成形、组织及性能的影响[J]. 热加工工艺，2024，53(17):42-47. WANG Chengcheng，SUN Yalong，CHEN Qihao，et al. Effect of arc-ultrasonic coupled waveform on MIG weld forming，microstructure and properties of aluminum alloy[J]. Hot Working Technology，2024，53(17):42-47.
[12] 范成磊，陈琪昊，林三宝，等. 超声在电弧焊接中的应用[J]. 精密成形工程，2018，10(1):57-66. FAN Chenglei，CHEN Qihao，LIN Sanbao，et al. Application of ultrasound in arc welding[J]. Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering，2018，10(1):57-66.
[13] 吴敏生，段向阳，李路明，等. 电弧超声的激发及其特性研究[J]. 清华大学学报(自然科学版)，1999，39(6):110-112. WU Minsheng，DUAN Xiangyang，LI Luming，et al. Study of arc-ultrasonic excitation and its characteristics[J]. Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology)，1999，39(6):110-112.
[14] CHEN Qihao，WANG Chengcheng，WANG Yihao，et al. Comprehensive effect of arc and ultrasonic energy on MIG arc ultrasonic welding[J]. Materials，2021，14(17):4884.
[15] 陈琪昊，崔山成，林三宝，等. 超声频脉冲电信号耦合前后铝合金TIG堆焊接头特点[J]. 焊接学报，2020，41(10):42-46. CHEN Qihao，CUI Shancheng，LIN Sanbao，et al. Characteristics of TIG surfacing joints of aluminum alloy before and after ultrasonic pulse signal coupling[J]. Transactions of The China Welding Institution，2020，41(10):42-46.
[16] 雷玉成，崔展祥，路广遥，等. 超声电弧对6061铝合金MIG焊接头组织和性能的影响[J]. 焊接学报，2020，41(2):33-38. LEI Yucheng，CUI Zhanxiang，LU Guangyao，et al. Effect of ultrasonic arc on microstructure and properties of 6061 Aluminum alloy MIG welding joint[J]. Transactions of The China Welding Institution，2020，41(2):33-38.
[17] 李洪亮，崔展祥，刘世雄，等. 6061铝合金超声电弧MIG焊声电特性和工艺[J]. 航空学报，2022，43(2):185-194. LI Hongliang，CUI Zhanxiang，LIU Shixiong，et al. Acoustoelectric characteristics and technology of ultrasonic arc MIG welding of 6061 aluminum alloy[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica，2022，43(2):185-194.
[18] WANG Y J，WANG H D，CHEN J M，et al. Achieving polycrystalline transformation and microstructural segregation reduction of nickel-based single crystal super-alloys by ultrasonic pulse arc welding[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology，2023，24:2200-2212.
[19] WANG Y J，LIU W H，WANG D Q，et al. Simultaneously enhanced strength and ductility of TIG welds in Inconel 718 super-alloy via ultrasonic pulse current[J]. Materials Science and Engineering:A，2021，807:140894.
[20] VOIGT A L，DA CUNHA T V. Research on effects of arc excited ultrasonic on fusion and heat affected zone in submerged arc welding[J]. Soldagem & Inspeção，2016，21:354-362.
[21] 朱平，余春. 不同超声频率电弧下316L焊缝的微观组织分析[J]. 热加工工艺，2023，52(7):46-50. ZHU Ping，YU Chun. Microstructure analysis of 316L welds under different ultrasonic frequency arc[J]. Hot Working Technology，2023，52(7):46-50.