受电弓滑板磨耗研究综述

doi:10.3901/JME.2025.08.193

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 受电弓滑板与接触网线滑动接触是列车在运行过程中获取电能的主要手段，其受流质量和可靠性直接关系到列车运行成本和安全。对近年来国内外围绕受电弓滑板摩擦磨损性能开展的相关研究和成果进行总结，阐述受电弓滑板的主要磨耗机理；分析相对滑动速度、接触压力、载流条件、弓网结构参数、运行环境等关键因素对磨耗的影响；列举受电弓滑板材料的演化历程，重点介绍目前广泛应用的各类铜基增强材料及其摩擦磨损性能。分析结果表明，在轨道交通高速、重载的发展趋势下，受电弓滑板磨耗成为不可忽视的重要内容，目前已经形成一定的试验研究和材料开发应用体系，但仍然面临一些问题，需要国内外学者开展进一步研究，如受电弓滑板磨耗综合评估方法、极端环境工况下受电弓滑板的磨耗行为、主动控制技术及耐磨材料的应用。

关键词: 受电弓滑板, 磨耗机理, 摩擦磨损性能, 电弧烧蚀, 铜基增强材料

Abstract: Sliding contact between pantograph slide plate and contact wire is the primary mean to obtain electric energy during train operation. Its current receiving quality and reliability are directly related to train operation cost and safety. The relevant research and achievements on the friction and wear properties of pantograph slides in China and abroad in recent years are summarized, and the main wear mechanism of pantograph slides is expounded. The influence of key factors, such as relative sliding velocity, contact pressure, current-carrying condition, pantograph-catenary structure parameters and operation environment on wear are analyzed. The evolutionary history of pantograph slide material is listed, and various copper-based reinforcement materials widely used at present and their friction and wear properties are introduced. The analysis results show that under the development trend of high speed and heavy load of rail transit, the wear of pantograph slide plate has become an important content that cannot be ignored. At present, experimental research, material development and application systems have been formed to a certain extent, but there are still some problems that need further research by scholars at home and abroad, such as comprehensive evaluation method of pantograph slide plate wear, wear behavior of pantograph slide plate under extreme environmental conditions, active control technology and application of wear resistant materials.

Key words: pantograph slide plate, wear mechanism, friction and wear properties, arc erosion, copper-based reinforcing materials

中图分类号:

U264

黄勉, 杨冰, 廖贞, 吕培锦, 肖守讷, 阳光武, 朱涛. 受电弓滑板磨耗研究综述[J]. 机械工程学报, 2025, 61(8): 193-213.

HUANG Mian, YANG Bing, LIAO Zhen, Lü Peijin, XIAO Shoune, YANG Guangwu, ZHU Tao. Research on Wear of Pantograph Slide Plate: A Review[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2025, 61(8): 193-213.

参考文献

[1] 钱清泉，高仕斌，何正友，等. 中国高速铁路牵引供电关键技术[J]. 中国工程科学，2015，17(4)：9-20. QIAN Qingquan，GAO Shibin，HE Zhengyou，et al. Study of China high-speed railway traction power supply key technology[J]. Strategic Study of CAE，2015，17(4)：9-20.
[2] YAO X W，XING Z Y，ZHANG Z Y，et al. The online monitoring system of pantograph slider based on 2D laser displacement sensors[J]. Measurement，2022，194：111083.
[3] WU G N，WEI W F，GAO G Q，et al. Evolution of the electrical contact of dynamic pantograph-catenary system[J]. Journal of Modern Transportation，2016，24(2)：132-138.
[4] BUCCA G，COLLINA A. Electromechanical interaction between carbon-based pantograph strip and copper contact wire：A heuristic wear model[J]. Tribology International，2015，92：47-56.
[5] 潘连明，张国荣，钱中良，等. 电力机车受电弓滑板[J]. 机车车辆工艺，2001(3)：1-4. PAN Lianming，ZHANG Guorong，QIAN Zhongliang，et al. Pantograph slide plates for electric locomotive[J]. Locomotive & Rolling Stock Technology，2001(3)：1-4.
[6] BRUNI S，BUCCA G，CARNEVALE M，et al. Pantograph-catenary interaction：Recent achievements and future research challenges[J]. International Journal of Rail Transportation，2018，6(2)：57-82.
[7] 张长青，段阳春. 京津城际CRH3C动车组法维莱受电弓维护标准研究[J]. 高速铁路技术，2016，7(2)：58-60. ZHANG Changqing，DUAN Yangchun. Research on maintenance standard for CRH3C EMU faiveley pantograph of Beijing-Tianjin inter-city railway[J]. High Speed Railway Technology，2016，7(2)：58-60.
[8] 田春飞，王靖，张庆华，等. 动车组受电弓预防性维修研究[J]. 铁道机车车辆，2016，36(1)：60-63. TIAN Chunfei，WANG Jing，ZHANG Qinghua，et al. Research on preventive maintenance of EMU pantograph[J]. Railway Locomotive & Car，2016，36(1)：60-63.
[9] 宋成虎，方岩，于晓杰，等. 阿根廷罗卡线受电弓滑板异常磨耗分析[J]. 电气化铁道，2020，31(6)：36-39. SONG Chenghu，FANG Yan，YU Xiaojie，et al. Analysis on abnormal wear of pantograph collector strip of Roca Line in Argentina[J]. Electric Railway，2020，31(6)：36-39.
[10] 陈昌进，张立军. 郑州地铁1号线弓网异常磨耗原因分析及整改[J]. 电气化铁道，2020，31(6)：77-79. CHEN Changjin，ZHANG Lijun. Analysis and improvement for abnormal wear between pantograph and catenary for line 1 of Zhengzhou subway[J]. Electric Railway，2020，31(6)：77-79.
[11] 周成尧，刘畅. 北京地铁6号线受电弓滑板异常磨耗研究[J]. 铁道机车车辆，2019，39(增刊1)：51-54. ZHOU Chengyao，LIU Chang. Research for abnormal wear of pantograph in Beijing subway line 6[J]. Railway Locomotive & Car，2019，39(Suppl.1)：51-54.
[12] 朱伟鹏. 深圳地铁11号线受电弓碳滑板磨耗率研究[J]. 铁道机车车辆，2018，38(4)：121-126. ZHU Weipeng. Research on wear rate of pantograph carbon slide in Shenzhen metro line 11[J]. Railway Locomotive & Car，2018，38(4)：121-126.
[13] JI D H，LI H X，SHEN M X，et al. The role of relatively humidity in friction and wear behaviors of carbon sliding against copper with electric current[J]. Surface Topography：Metrology and Properties，2021，9(4)：048001.
[14] 李娜，张弘，于正平. 受电弓滑板-接触导线摩擦磨损机理与特性分析[J]. 中国铁道科学，1996，4(17)：63-68. LI Na，ZHANG Hong，YU Zhengping. Analysis of the mechanism and characteristics of frictions and wear between pantograph slide block and contact wire[J]. China Railway Science，1996，4(17)：63-68.
[15] HOLM R. Electric contacts theory and application[M]. Berlin：Springer，1967.
[16] 董霖. 载流摩擦磨损机理研究[D]. 成都：西南交通大学，2008. DONG Lin. Research on current-carrying friction and wear mechanism[D]. Chengdu：Southwest Jiaotong University，2008.
[17] WALSH A. Engineering materials science Vol 1[M]. Los Angeles，USA：Tritech Digital Media， 2018.
[18] 钱刚，陆大伟，蔡承宇，等. 铜-石墨-WS₂-碳纳米管复合材料的滑动电磨损机制[J]. 合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版)，2020，43(4)：457-462. QIAN Gang，LU Dawei，CAI Chengyu，et al. Sliding electrical wear mechanisms of Cu-graphite-WS₂-carbon nanotubes composite[J]. Journal of Hefei University of Technology (Natural Science)，2020，43(4)：457-462.
[19] AFFATATO S. Wear of orthopaedic implants and artificial joints[M]. Sawston，England：Woodhead Publishing，2012.
[20] FUKUDA K，SUBHI Z A，MORITA T. Analytical study on the growth and transfer of adhesive substances generated on the surface in the early stage of sliding[J]. Wear，2015，330-331：64-69.
[21] FUKUDA K，MORITA T. Physical model of adhesive wear in early stage of sliding[J]. Wear，2017，376-377：1528-1533.
[22] DING T，CHEN G X，XIAO S F，et al. Selection of pantograph strip/contact wire couples in catenary/ pantograph system[J]. Advanced Materials Research，2011，347-353(347-353)：647-650.
[23] 赵飞. 高速受电弓滑板摩擦机理及石墨基纯碳滑板[J]. 机车电传动，2007(6)：18-21. ZHAO Fei. Friction mechanism of pantograph sliding plate for high-speed railway vehicle and pure carbon sliding plate with carbon base[J]. Electric Drive for Locomotives，2007(6)：18-21.
[24] LOW I M. Advances in ceramic matrix composites[M]. Sawston，England：Woodhead Publishing，2014.
[25] KOVAŘÍKOVÁ I，BEÁTA S，PAVEL B，et al. Study and characteristic of abrasive wear mechanisms[J]. Materials Science，2009(1)：1-8.
[26] 樊瑜瑾，杨晓京，李浙昆，等. 磨粒磨损中微观接触过程的有限元分析[J]. 机械工程学报，2005，41(4)：35-37. FAN Yujin，YANG Xiaojing，LI Zhekun，et al. Micro contact process analysis in abrasive wear by finite element method[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering，2005，41(4)：35-37.
[27] POLJANEC D，KALIN M，KUMAR L. Influence of contact parameters on the tribological behaviour of various graphite/graphite sliding electrical contacts[J]. Wear，2018，406-407：75-83.
[28] 李祥明，戴振东，刘德浚，等. 摩擦作用下金属氧化反应的机理[J]. 南京航空航天大学学报，1999，31(2)：89-93. LI Xiangming，DAI Zhendong，LIU Dejun，et al. A discussion on oxidation of metals under tribological conditions[J]. Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics，1999，31(2)：89-93.
[29] 张燕燕. 基于弓网振动的纯碳滑板载流摩擦学特性研究[D]. 西安：西北工业大学，2018. ZHANG Yanyan. Research on current-carrying tribological characteristics of pure carbon slide plate based on pantograph-catenary vibration[D]. Xi’an：Northwest University of Technology，2018.
[30] 吴积钦，钱清泉. 受电弓与接触网系统电接触特性[J]. 中国铁道科学，2008，29(3)：106-109. WU Jiqin，QIAN Qingquan. Characteristics of the electrical contact between pantograph and overhead contact line[J]. China Railway Science，2008，29(3)：106-10
[31] DING T，CHEN G X，LI Y M. Arc erosive characteristics of a carbon strip sliding against a copper contact wire in a high-speed electrified railway[J]. Tribology International，2014，79：8-15.
[32] 曾晗，林福昌，蔡礼，等. 石墨电极烧蚀机理及实验[J]. 电工技术学报，2013，28(1)：43-49，86. ZENG Han，LIN Fuchang，CAI Li，et al. Mechanism and experiment of graphite electrode erosion[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society，2013，28(1)：43-49，86.
[33] XIONG X Z，TU C J，CHEN D，et al. Arc erosion wear characteristics and mechanisms of pure carbon strip against copper under arcing conditions[J]. Tribology Letters，2014，53(1)：293-301.
[34] 段绪伟，李宇星，魏文赋，等. 不同受电弓滑板材料电弧烧蚀特性对比研究[J]. 电工技术，2020(11)：114-116，118. DUAN Xuwei，LI Yuxing，WEI Wenbin，et al. Study on pantograph arcing erosion characteristics of pantograph strip material[J]. Electric Engineering，2020(11)：114-116，118.
[35] KUBO S，KATO K. Effect of arc discharge on wear rate of Cu-impregnated carbon strip in unlubricated sliding against Cu trolley under electric current[J]. Wear，1998，216(2)：172-178.
[36] 王英，刘志刚，范福强，等. 弓网电弧模型及其电气特性的研究进展[J]. 铁道学报，2013，35(8)：35-43. WANG Ying，LIU Zhigang，FAN Fuqiang，et al. Review of research development of pantograph-catenary arc model and electrical characteristics [J]. Journal of the China Railway Society，2013，35(8)：35-43.
[37] 周悦，魏文赋，高国强，等. 弓网电接触系统滑板温升特性研究[J]. 铁道学报，2019，41(6)：74-80. ZHOU Yue，WEI Wenbin，GAO Guoqiang，et al. Characteristics of temperature rise of pantograph strip in electric contact system between pantograph and catenary[J]. Journal of the China Railway Society，2019，41(6)：74-80.
[38] 卜俊，丁涛，陈光雄. 温度对受电弓滑板材料磨损的影响[J]. 润滑与密封，2010，35(5)：22-25，105. BU Jun，DING Tao，CHEN Guangxiong. Effect of temperature on the wear behaviour of a pantograph strip material[J]. Lubrication Engineering，2010，35(5)：22-25，105.
[39] 董丙杰，胡艳，陈光雄，等. 受电弓/接触网载流摩擦的电弧放电和碳滑板温升试验研究[J]. 润滑与密封，2016，41(12)：41-45. DONG Bingjie，HU Yan，CHEN Guangxiong，et al. Experimental study on arc discharge and strip temperature rise during current carrying friction of pantograph and catenary[J]. Lubrication Engineering，2016，41(12)：41-45.
[40] WU G N，WEI W F，GAO G Q，et al. Evolution of the electrical contact of dynamic pantograph-catenary system[J]. Journal of Modern Transportation，2016，24(2)：132-138.
[41] DING T，CHEN G X，BU J，et al. Effect of temperature and arc discharge on friction and wear behaviours of carbon strip/copper contact wire in pantograph–catenary systems[J]. Wear，2010，271(9)：1629-1636.
[42] 丁涛，王鑫，陈光雄，等. 有无电流条件下温度对碳/铜摩擦副摩擦磨损性能的影响[J]. 中国机械工程，2010，21(7)：843-847. DING Tao，WANG Xin，CHEN Guangxiong，et al. Effect of temperature on friction and wear behaviors of carbon/copper with and without electric current[J]. China Mechanical Engineering，2010，21(7)：843-847.
[43] 徐超，潘利科，杨才智，等. 400 km/h高速列车受电弓滑板与接触线载流摩擦磨损研究[J]. 电气化铁道，2018，29(增刊1)：29-31，35. XU Chao，PAN Like，YANG Caizhi，et al. Study on friction and wear of current collection between collector strip of high speed train and contact wire under speed of 400 km/h[J]. Electric Railway，2018，29(Suppl.1)：29-31，35.
[44] ZHANG Y Y，ZHANG Y Z，DU S M，et al. Tribological properties of pure carbon strip affected by dynamic contact force during current-carrying sliding[J]. Tribology International，2018，123：256-265.
[45] DING T，CHEN G X，WANG X，et al. Friction and wear behavior of pure carbon strip sliding against copper contact wire under AC passage at high speeds[J]. Tribology International，2010，44(4)：437-444.
[46] YANG H J，CHEN G X，GAO G Q，et al. Experimental research on the friction and wear properties of a contact strip of a pantograph-catenary system at the sliding speed of 350km/h with electric current[J]. Wear，2015，332-333：949-955.
[47] ZHANG Y Y，LI C H，PANG X J，et al. Evolution processes of the tribological properties in pantograph/catenary system affected by dynamic contact force during current-carrying sliding[J]. Wear，2021，477：203809.
[48] ZUO X，DU M D，ZHOU Y K. Influence of contact parameters on the coupling temperature of copper-brass electrical contacts[J]. Engineering Failure Analysis，2022，136：106205.
[49] YANG H J，CHEN G X，ZHANG S D，et al. Effect of the vibration on friction and wear behavior between the carbon strip and copper contact wire pair[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers，Part J：Journal of Engineering Tribology，2012，226(J8)：722-728.
[50] CASSTEVENS J M，RYLANDER H G，ELIEZER Z. Friction and wear characteristics of powder metallurgy copper-graphite brushes at high sliding speeds[J]. Wear，1978，49(1)：169-178.
[51] ZHAO H，BARBER G C，LIU J. Friction and wear in high speed sliding with and without electrical current[J]. Wear，2001，249(5)：409-414.
[52] 刘贤汭，吴杰，魏文赋，等. 高速铁路弓网接触电动力特性[J]. 高电压技术，2018，44(11)：3770-3776. LIU Xianrui，WU Jie，WEI Wenfu，et al. Characteristics of pantograph-catenary electro-dynamic contact force of high speed train[J]. High Voltage Engineering，2018，44(11)：3770-3776.
[53] 董丙杰，胡艳，陈光雄，等. 受电弓/接触网载流摩擦的电弧放电和碳滑板温升试验研究[J]. 润滑与密封，2016，41(12)：41-45. DONG Bingjie，HU Yan，CHEN Guangxiong，et al. Experimental study on arc discharge and strip temperature rise during current carrying friction of pantograph and catenary[J]. Lubrication Engineering，2016，41(12)：41-45.
[54] 李俣辰，王智勇，郭凤仪，等. 滑动电接触表面微观形貌影响因素分析[J]. 辽宁工程技术大学学报(自然科学版)，2021，40(3)：265-269. LI Yuchen，WANG Zhiyong，GUO Fengyi，et al. Analysis of influence factors of the surface micro-topography of sliding electrical contact[J]. Journal of Liaoning Technical University(Natural Science)，2021，40(3)：265-269.
[55] WANG Z，GUO F，CHEN Z，et al. Research on current-carrying wear characteristics of friction pair in pantograph catenary system[C]//2013 IEEE 59th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (Holm 2013). Newport，RI，USA：IEEE，2013：1-5.
[56] MARTINA G，URBAN W. Influence of mechanical and electrical load on a copper/copper-graphite sliding electrical contact[J]. Tribology International，2018，121：1-9.
[57] 郭凤仪，娄晓妹，李本君，等. 滑动电接触磨损量最小的最佳载荷实验[J]. 辽宁工程技术大学学报(自然科学版)，2012，31(1)：81-84. GUO Fengyi，LOU Xiaomei，LI Benjun，et al. Optimum normal load when minimum wear loss of electrical sliding contact[J]. Journal of Liaoning Technical University (Natural Science)，2012，31(1)：81-84.
[58] 李白，谭赛，张永胜，等. 强电流滑动电接触下枢轨接触面最佳法向载荷研究[J]. 海军工程大学学报，2016，28(增刊1)：65-69. LI Bai，TAN Sai，ZHANG Yongsheng，et al. Research of optimal normal load on interface between arm and rail of sliding electrical contacts under high current[J]. Journal of Naval University of Engineering，2016，28(Suppl.1)：65-69.
[59] 刘殊豪，冯一桐，许雪飞. 受电弓摩擦副载流磨损特性研究[J]. 控制工程，2023，30(1)：148-153. LIU Shuhao，FENG Yitong，XU Xuefei. Research on current-carrying wear characteristics of pantograph friction pair[J]. Control Engineering of China，2023，30(1)：148-153.
[60] HU Y，CHEN G X，ZHANG S D，et al. Comparative investigation into the friction and wear behaviours of a Cu-Ag contact wire/carbon strip and a pure copper contact wire/carbon strip at high speeds[J]. Wear，2017，376-377：1552-1557.
[61] DING T，CHEN G X，LI Y M，et al. Friction and wear behavior of pantograph strips sliding against copper contact wire with electric current[C]//Conference on Modeling，Identification and Control，2012：288-292.
[62] DING T，CHEN G X，XIONG Z G，et al. The role of electric current on friction and wear behaviors of the carbon strip/copper contact wire[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials，2011，1376(80-81)：178-181.
[63] DING T，XUAN W J，LI Y M，et al. Experimental study on friction and wear behaviors of carbon rubbing against copper material under electric current[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials，2013，2746(423-426)：797-800.
[64] ZHOU Y K，DU M D，ZUO X. Influence of electric current on the temperature rise and wear mechanism of copper-graphite current-carrying friction pair[J]. Journal of Tribology-Transactions of the ASME，2022，144(10)：101701.
[65] 郭凤仪，马同立，陈忠华，等. 不同载流条件下滑动电接触特性[J]. 电工技术学报，2009，24(12)：18-23. GUO Fengyi，MA Tongli，CHEN Zhonghua，et al. Characteristics of the sliding electric contact under different currents[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society，2009，24(12)：18-23.
[66] 姜国强，陈忠华，温良，等. 受电弓滑板材料的载流摩擦磨损特性[J]. 材料导报，2013，27(8)：91-96. JIANG Guoqiang，CHEN Zhonghua，WEN Liang，et al. Friction and wear characteristics of pantograph slide material with electric current[J]. Materials Reports，2013，27(8)：91-96.
[67] MEI G M，FU W M，CHEN G X，et al. Effect of high-density current on the wear of carbon sliders against Cu-Ag wires[J]. Wear，2020，452-453：203275.
[68] MEI G M. Impact of voltage on the electric sliding tribological properties of current collectors against overhead lines[J]. Wear，2021，474-475：203868.
[69] 孙传铭，陈星，杨泽锋，等. 时速400 km高速铁路弓网参数优化设计[J]. 铁道标准设计，2023，67(6)：172-179. SUN Chuanming，CHEN Xing，YANG Zefeng，et al. Optimal design of pantograph catenary parameters for 400km/h high-speed railway[J]. Railway Standard Design，2023，67(6)：172-179.
[70] 杜智恒. 北京大兴国际机场线160 km/h刚性接触网系统弓网耦合受流质量分析[J]. 城市轨道交通研究，2019，22(12)：157-160. DU Zhiheng. Current collection quality of pantograph-catenary coupling for 160 km/h rigid catenary system on Beijing Daxing International Airport Express[J]. Urban Mass Transit，2019，22(12)：157-160.