不同流线型长度400 km/h高速列车的气动阻力与经济性研究

doi:10.3901/JME.2025.22.211

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为分析流线型长度对高速列车气动阻力的影响规律，基于计算流体力学数值模拟了明线运行时400 km/h高速列车的气动阻力分布特性，并对不同流线型长度的列车模型进行气动阻力预测。利用风洞试验验证数值模拟计算的可靠性。在列车整车长度不变的条件下，研究头尾车流线型长度变化对流线型头型、非流线型车体、转向架各部位的气动阻力影响规律，考虑的流线型长度范围为10～15 m。研究流线型长度增加使得气动阻力减小带来的正收益和乘客空间减小产生的负收益之间的经济效益关系。研究结果表明，头车流线型区域气动阻力与其表面积与流线型长度的比值呈正相关；头车非流线型区域每米阻力值向列车中心区域呈梯度递减，中间车部分每米阻力向尾车方向递减速度变缓。尾车非流线型部分每米阻力逐渐收敛；尾车流线型阻力随流线型长度递减；当流线型长度约为13 m时，列车达到最大收益49.88元/km，同时减少700 N的气动阻力，效益最优。通过综合考虑高速列车气动性能与经济性，研究高速列车最佳流线型长度，对高速列车设计与减阻优化有重要意义。

关键词: 高速列车, 非流线型, 气动阻力, 数值模拟, 经济效益

Abstract: In order to analyze the influence of streamline length on aerodynamic drag of high-speed train, based on computational fluid dynamics, the aerodynamic drag distribution characteristics of 400 km/h high-speed trains running on open lines are numerically simulated, the aerodynamic drag of train models with different streamline lengths is predicted. The reliability of the numerical simulation is verified by the wind tunnel test. Under the condition of the same length of the whole train, the influence of the streamline length of the head and tail car on the aerodynamic drag of the streamlined head, non-streamlined car body and bogie is studied. The length of the streamline is 10-15 m. The economic benefit relationship between the positive benefit of aerodynamic drag reduction and the negative benefit of passenger space reduction caused by the increase of streamline length is discussed. The results show that the resistance of the streamlined area of the head car is positively correlated with the ratio of its surface area to the streamline length. The resistance per meter in the non-streamlined area of the head car decreases gradual to the central area of the train, and the resistance per meter of the middle car decreases slowly to the direction of the tail car. The resistance per meter of the non-streamlined part of the tail car gradually converges; the streamline resistance of the tail car decreases with the length of the streamline. When the streamline length is about 13 m, the maximum benefit of 49.88 yuan/km is achieved, and the aerodynamic drag of 700 N is reduced, the benefit is optimal.

Key words: high-speed train, non-streamline type, aerodynamic drag, numerical simulation, economic benefits

中图分类号:

U271

周智, 李田, 戴志远, 向泽锐, 张继业. 不同流线型长度400 km/h高速列车的气动阻力与经济性研究[J]. 机械工程学报, 2025, 61(22): 211-221.

ZHOU Zhi, LI Tian, DAI Zhiyuan, XIANG Zerui, ZHANG Jiye. Study on Aerodynamic Drag Forces and Economics of 400 km/h High-speed Train with Different Streamline Lengths[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2025, 61(22): 211-221.

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