铁道车辆结构模态匹配设计准则研究

doi:10.3901/JME.2024.16.324

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 提出适用于铁道车辆结构模态匹配设计的具体准则，指导车辆设计过程中各组件间或结构自身动力学特征参数设计，以减少车辆异常振动问题的发生。随着对铁道车辆的运营速度、运行品质、轻量化等要求越来越高，基于传统行业标准的静态设计方法已无法满足设计需求，大量的车辆服役数据表明即使在满足现有标准的前提下，车辆部分结构仍存在异常振动或失效问题，且振动信号多表现为谐波振动，属于模态匹配设计异常范畴。因此基于动力学理论和不同领域模态匹配设计方法，研究并给出铁道车辆结构模态匹配设计准则，并利用两个典型实例进行验证。最终建议在进行结构模态匹配设计时，需要重点关注模态有效质量(Modal effective mass，MEM)占结构弹性模态MEM总和5%以上的模态；对于考虑动力学性能的模态匹配设计，激励主频与关注模态频率差值至少为模态频率的15%，建议在20%以上；对于仅考虑结构振动疲劳的模态匹配设计，建议此数值至少为10%。

关键词: 铁道车辆, 模态匹配, 隔振, 设计准则, 模态有效质量

Abstract: Specific criteria for modal matching design of railway vehicle structures have been proposed to guide the design of dynamic characteristic parameters between components or within the structure during the vehicle design process, in order to reduce the occurrence of abnormal vibration problems in products. With the increasing requirements for the operation speed, operation quality and lightweight of railway vehicle, the static design method based on traditional standards cannot meet the design requirements. A large number of vehicle service data show that even on the premise of meeting the existing standards, some vehicle structures still encounter abnormal vibration or failure problems, and the vibration signals are mostly harmonic, which belongs to the abnormal category of modal matching design. Therefore, based on the dynamic theory and modal matching design methods in different fields, the modal matching design criteria of railway vehicles are studied and given, and verified by two typical examples. Finally, it is suggested that the modal with modal effective mass(MEM) which accounts for more than 5% of the total elastic modal MEM of the structure should be paid attention in structural modal matching design. For the modal matching design considering dynamic performance, it is recommended that the difference between the excitation dominant frequency and the concerned modal frequency should be at least 15% of the modal frequency, more than 20% is recommended. For the modal matching design only considering structural vibration fatigue, it is recommended that this value should be at least 10%.

Key words: railway vehicle, modal matching, vibration isolation, design criteria, modal effective mass

中图分类号:

U270

李凡松, 宋烨, 戴焕云, 曾京. 铁道车辆结构模态匹配设计准则研究[J]. 机械工程学报, 2024, 60(16): 324-337.

LI Fansong, SONG Ye, DAI Huanyun, ZENG Jing. Research on Modal Matching Design Criteria of Railway Vehicle Structure[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2024, 60(16): 324-337.

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