高耗能密度高临界速度的电涡流阻尼新技术及其在航天工程中的应用

doi:10.3901/JME.260005

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 电涡流阻尼技术因其无需工作流体、非接触且免维护的独特优势，在航天器高动态展开机构和深空探测移动平台的振动控制领域展现出重要的工程应用价值。介绍了旋转型和直线型两种电涡流阻尼器(ECD)的基本结构及其应用前景，并从解析公式的角度总结和分析了永磁场源和电磁场源电涡流阻尼器的阻尼特性。此外，为了实现高耗能密度并突破临界速度制约，采用了参数优化设计、引入铜铁合金导体材料、多本构曲线组合等方法，分别建立了设计理论且完成了试验验证。基于上述研究，开展了着陆缓冲机构、火箭栅格舵、拦阻索以及月球无人车悬架等典型应用场景的应用研究，分析了电涡流阻尼技术在航天领域的应用进展与发展趋势。

关键词: 电涡流阻尼器, 航空航天, 火箭回收, 耗能密度, 临界速度

Abstract: Eddy current damping technology, with its inherent advantages of being fluid-free, non-contact, and maintenance-free, demonstrates significant engineering potential in high-dynamic spacecraft deployment mechanisms and vibration control for deep-space exploration platforms. This research delineates the fundamental architectures and promising applications of both rotary and linear eddy current dampers (ECDs), offering an analytical summary of the damping characteristics of permanent magnet and electromagnetic field-sourced variants. Moreover, to achieve high energy dissipation density and overcome the limitations imposed by critical speed, advanced techniques—such as parameter optimization, the incorporation of copper-iron alloy conductors, and the integration of multiple constitutive curves—are employed to establish robust design theories and validate them experimentally. Building on these findings, the study further investigates applications in landing buffer systems, rocket grid fins, arresting cables, and lunar rover suspensions, while critically examining the progress and emerging trends of eddy current damping technology in the aerospace sector.

Key words: eddy curren damper, aerospace, rocket recovery, energy dissipation density, critical speed

中图分类号:

O313

陈政清, 杨文斌, 王辰, 张宏剑, 王文熙, 张弘毅. 高耗能密度高临界速度的电涡流阻尼新技术及其在航天工程中的应用[J]. 机械工程学报, 2026, 62(1): 79-95.

CHEN Zhengqing, YANG Wenbin, WANG Chen, ZHANG Hongjian, WANG Wenxi, ZHANG Hongyi. Innovative Electromagnetic Eddy Current Damping Technology Featuring High Energy Dissipation Density and Elevated Critical Speed, and Its Applications in Aerospace Engineering[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2026, 62(1): 79-95.

参考文献

[1] 王佳南,丁沛,黄强.可重复使用火箭着陆回收机构的试验验证技术[J].中国航天,2023(10):25-33.WANG Jianan,DING Pei,HUANG Qiang.Experimental validation technology for reusable rocket landing and recovery systems[J].Aerospace China,2023(10):25-33.
[2] MATIER P,ROSS A.Bay bridge shock absorbers spring leak[J].San Francisco Chronicle,2013,20(5):10-15.
[3] KINTZ K A,CARLSON J D,MUNOZ B C,et al.Magnetorheological grease composition:US,6547986[P].2003-04-15.
[4] ELLIS R C,FINK R A,RICH R W.Eddy current damper[C]//The 23rd Aerospace Mechanisms Symposium.North Carolina:NASA,Marshall Space Flight Center.1989:127-137.
[5] KIENHOLZ D A,PENDLETON S C,JR.K E R,et al.Demonstration of solar array vibration suppression[C]//Smart Structures and Materials 1994:Passive Damping.SPIE,1994:59-72.
[6] ZHANG H Y,CHEN Z Q,HUA X G,et al.Design and dynamic characterization of a large-scale eddy current damper with enhanced performance for vibration control[J].Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing,2020,145:106879.
[7] 华旭刚,黄豪,王文熙,等.速度放大型电涡流扭矩阻尼器的缓速性能研究[J].湖南大学学报,2025,52(1):1-11.HUA Xugang,HUANG Hao,WANG Wenxi,et al.Study on buffering performance of a speed amplified composite tube eddy current torque damper[J].Journal of Hunan University,2025,52(1):1-11.
[8] 王楠楠,刘宁,沈艳萍,等.冲击载荷下圆筒型电涡流阻尼器动力特性研究[J].振动与冲击,2021,40(11):65-69.WANG Nannan,LIU Ning,SHEN Yanping,et al.Dynamic characteristics of cylindrical eddy current damper under impact load[J].Journal of Vibration and Shock,2021,40(11):65-69.
[9] 王少纯,邓宗全.新型涡流磁阻尼月球着陆器[J].上海交通大学学报,2006(12):2151-2154.WANG Shaochun,DENG Zongquan.A novel lunar lander with magnetic damping of eddy current[J].Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University,2006(12):2151-2154.
[10] PAN Q,HE T,XIAO D,et al.Design and damping analysis of a new eddy current damper for aerospace applications[J].Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures,2016,13(11):1997-2011.
[11] HUANG Z W,HUA X G,CHEN Z Q,et al.Modeling,testing,and validation of an eddy current damper for structural vibration control[J].Journal of Aerospace Engineering,2018,31(5):04018063.
[12] LIANG L,FENG Z,CHEN Z.Seismic control of SDOF systems with nonlinear eddy current dampers[J].Applied Sciences,2019,9(16):3427.
[13] IKAGO K,SAITO K,INOUE N.Seismic control of single-degree-of-freedom structure using tuned viscous mass damper[J].Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics,2012,41(3):453-474.
[14] Maravandi A,Moallem M.Regenerative shock absorber using a two-leg motion conversion mechanism[J].IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics,2015,20(6):2853-2861.
[15] NAKAMURA Y,FUKUKITA A,TAMURA K,et al.Seismic response control using electromagnetic inertial mass dampers[J].Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics,2014,43(4):507-527.
[16] OHMATA K,SHIMODA H,HOSOYA A.Characteristics of ball screw type dampers with magnetic damping[J].Nippon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu,C Hen(Japan),1985,51(471):3034-3038.
[17] WOUTERSE J H.Critical torque and speed of eddy current brake with widely separated soft iron poles[J].IEE Proceedings B (Electric Power Applications),1991,138(4):153-158.
[18] EDWARDS J D,JAYAWANT B V,DAWSON W R C,et al.Permanent-magnet linear eddy-current brake with a non-magnetic reaction plate[J].IEE Proceedings- Electric Power Applications,1999,146(6):627-631.
[19] 何建清.车用电涡流缓速器的设计方法及其性能分析[D].镇江:江苏大学,2004.HE Jianqing.Design methodologies and performance analysis of automotive eddy current retarders[D].Zhenjiang:Jiangsu University,2004.
[20] CHOI J Y,SHIN H J,PARK Y S,et al.Torque analysis of axial flux PM type eddy current brake based on analytical field computations[C]//2011 International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems.IEEE,2011:1-5.
[21] CHOI J Y,JANG S M.Analytical magnetic torque calculations and experimental testing of radial flux permanent magnet-type eddy current brakes[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2012,111(7):1-3.
[22] SHIN H J,CHOI J Y,CHO H W,et al.Analytical torque calculations and experimental testing of permanent magnet axial eddy current brake[J].IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,2013,49(7):4152-4155.
[23] TAKAGI T,MATSUDA S,TANI J,et al.Analysis and experiment of dynamic deflection of a thin plate with a coupling effect[J].IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,1992,28(2):1259-1262.
[24] FREDERICK J R,DARLOW M S.Operation of an electromagnetic eddy-current damper with a supercritical shaft[J].Journal of Vibration and Acoustics,1994,116(4):578-580.
[25] KOU B,JIN Y,ZHANG H,et al.Analysis and design of hybrid excitation linear eddy current brake[J].IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,2014,29(2):496-506.
[26] 黄智文,蒲怡达,张弘毅,等.Halbach阵列板式电涡流阻尼单元参数分析与优化设计[J].中国公路学报,2023,36(7):67-79.HUANG Zhiwen,PU Yida,ZHANG Hongyi,et al.Parametric analysis and optimal design of planar eddy current damping element with Halbach array magnets[J].China Journal of Highway and Transport,2023,36(7):67-79.
[27] PU Y,HUANG Z,ZHANG H,et al.Shock vibration control of SDOF systems with tubular linear Eddy current dampers[J].Applied Sciences,2023,13(4):2226.
[28] 陈政清,张弘毅,黄智文.板式电涡流阻尼器有限元仿真与参数优化[J].振动与冲击,2016,35(18):123-127.CHEN Zhengqing,ZHANG Hogyi,HUANG Zhiwen.FEM simulation and parameter optimization of a planar eddy current damper[J].Journal of Vibration and Shock,2016,35(18):123-127.
[29] 张弘毅.永磁电涡流阻尼器非线性力学特性及其在结构减振中的应用[D].长沙:湖南大学,2021.ZHANG Hogyi.Nonlinear dynamic characterization of the eddy current damper with permanent magnets and its application in structural vibration reduction[D].Changsha:Hunan University,2021.
[30] YANG W,ZHANG H,CHEN Z,et al.Study on enhanced performance of CuFe alloy's eddy current damping and its advantages in multi-mode vibration control of stay-cable[J].Engineering Structures,2024,299:117102.
[31] ABBAS S F,PARK K T,KIM T S.Effect of composition and powder size on magnetic properties of rapidly solidified copper-iron alloys[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2018,741:1188-1195.
[32] ABBAS S F,KIM T S.Effect of lattice strain on the electrical conductivity of rapidly solidified copper-iron metastable alloys[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2018,732:129-135.
[33] ABBAS S F,SEO S J,PARK K T,et al.Effect of grain size on the electrical conductivity of copper-iron alloys[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2017,720:8-16.
[34] KOBAYASHI H,MARU Y,Richardson M P,et al.Conceptual design study of a vertical takeoff and landing airbreather[J].Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets,2021,58(5):1279-1292.
[35] MAHLSTEDT B.Optimal VTOL of SpaceX's grasshopper[R].Stanford:Stanford University,2012.
[36] SEEDHOUSE E.SpaceX:Starship to Mars-The first 20 years[M].Cham:Springer International Publishing,2022.
[37] DREYER L.Latest developments on SpaceX's Falcon 1 and Falcon 9 launch vehicles and Dragon spacecraft[C]//2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference.IEEE,2009:1-15.
[38] LI Yuanheng,ZHANG Hongjian,SONG Zhengyu,et al.Configuration optimization and design of vertical landing mechanisms of reusable launch vehicles[J].Journal of Deep Space Exploration,2022,9(5):470-476.
[39] 徐青华,刘立平.航天器展开机构阻尼器技术概述[J].航天器环境工程,2007(4):239-243.XU Qinghua,LIU Liping.Techniques of dampers for spacecraft deployment mechanism[J].Spacecraft Environment Engineering,2007,24(4):239-243.
[40] 梁小光,丁竹生,焦映厚,等.卫星太阳翼阻尼机构参数选定方法[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2011,43(7):71-75.LIANG Xiaoguang,DING Zhusheng, JIAO Yinghou,et al.Selecting method of damper parameters for solar array of satellite[J].Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology,2011,43(7):71-75.
[41] 张宏剑,于兵,吴会强,等.运载火箭机构技术发展研究[J].导弹与航天运载技术,2023(6):1-9.ZHANG Hongjian,YU Bing,WU Huiqiang,et al.Research on technology development of launch vehicle mechanism[J].Missiles and Space Vehicles,2023(6):1-9.
[42] 班鑫磊,谢丽宇,薛松涛,等.拉索式旋转电涡流阻尼器的理论模型及频域响应分析[J].地震工程学报,2018,40(5):941-945.BAN Xinlei,XIE Liyu,XUE Songtao,et al.Theoretical model and analysis of the frequency response of a rotational eddy current damper with cable bracing[J].China Earthquake Engineering Journal,2018,40(5):941-945.
[43] FAN C,XU Z,HAN Y,et al.Loading rate effect and failure mechanisms of ultra-high-strength steel under mode II fracture[J].International Journal of Impact Engineering,2023,171:104374.
[44] YANG Z J,CHEN X,KELLY R.A topological optimization approach for structural design of a high-speed low-load mechanism using the equivalent static loads method[J].International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering,2012,89(5):584-598.
[45] JUN S C,LEE C H,BAE C J.Shake table testing of braced and friction-added suspended ceilings and associated numerical study[J].Engineering Structures,2022,252:113724.
[46] ZHENG L,YANG T,XUE S,et al.Fracture failure analysis of the teeth of conjunction gear made of 20MnCr5S steel[J].Engineering Failure Analysis,2022,134:106006.
[47] LIU Y,WAN M,XIAO Q B,et al.Identification and compensation of geometric errors of rotary axes in five-axis machine tools through constructing equivalent rotary axis (ERA)[J].International Journal of Mechanical Sciences,2019,152:211-227.
[48] CHAPAIN S,ALY A M.Vibration attenuation in wind turbines:A proposed robust pendulum pounding TMD[J].Engineering Structures,2021,233:111891.
[49] 林三春,阎军,潘旭,等.无阻尼杆式栅格翼展开动力学特性分析方法[J].导弹与航天运载技术,2018(5):16-20 LIN Sanchun,YAN Jun,PAN Xu,et al.Analysis method of unfolding dynamic characteristics of non-damping rod type grid fins[J].Missile and Space Vehicle,2018(5):16-20.
[50] WANG S,CHEN Z,WANG W,et al.A novel enhanced torsional eddy current damper for fixed-axis rotation control of rigid bodies[J].Structural Control and Health Monitoring,2024,2024(1):9922305.
[51] ZHANG H,ZHAO Z,REN G,et al.Arresting-cable system for robust terminal landing of reusable rockets[J].Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets,2021,58(2):425-443.
[52] 张欢,张成,宋晓东.索式火箭回收着陆系统缓冲装置设计与分析[J].宇航学报,2022,43(9):1152-1162.ZHANG Huan,ZHANG Cheng,SONG Xiaodong.Design and analysis of buffer device of cable system for reusable rocket recovery and landing[J].Journal of Astronautics,2022,43(9):1152-1162.
[53] 黄海忠.一种重复使用地面捕获回收装置:中国,CN201920488632.5[P].2020-01-03.HUANG Haizhong.A reusable ground-based capture and recovery apparatu:China,CN201920488632.5[P].2020- 01-03.
[54] 黄海忠.重复使用地面捕获回收装置及箭地可控回收方法:中国,CN201910291407.7[P].2019-06-21.HUANG Haizhong.Reusable ground-based capture recovery apparatus and rocket-to-ground controlled recovery method:China,CN201910291407.7[P].2019- 06-21.
[55] 李春来,严韦,刘建军,等.中国月球探测促进月球与行星科学创新发展[J].中国科学:地球科学,2023,53(11):2437-2456.LI Chunlai,YAN Wei,LIU Jianjun,et al.China's lunar exploration fosters innovative advancements in lunar and planetary sciences[J].Scientia Sinica (Terrae),2023,53(11):2437-2456.
[56] LINDEMANN R A,VOORHEES C J.Mars exploration rover mobility assembly design,test and performance[C]//2005 IEEE International Conference on Systems,Man and Cybernetics.IEEE,2005:450-455.
[57] 潘冬,贾阳,袁宝峰,等.祝融号火星车主动悬架式移动系统设计与验证[J].中国科学:技术科学,2022,52(2):278-291.PAN Dong,JIA Yang,YUAN Baofeng,et al.Design and validation of the active suspension-based mobility system for the Zhurong Mars rover[J].Scientia Sinica (Technologica),2022,52(2):278-291.
[58] BLUETHMANN B,HERRERA E,HULSE A,et al.An active suspension system for lunar crew mobility[C]//2010 IEEE Aerospace Conference.IEEE,2010:1-9.