空间增材制造技术研究现状与展望

doi:10.3901/JME.2025.23.217

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 空间增材制造(In-space additive manufacturing,ISAM)是实现深空探索、太空资源高效利用以及地外行星长期居住的关键技术。与常规的地面增材制造相比，高真空、强辐射、微低重力、极端温度变化等复杂太空环境给ISAM的发展与应用带来了诸多困难，亟须在设备兼容性、工艺控制以及原材料选用等方面取得创新与突破。目前，ISAM研究主要集中在两个前沿领域：在轨制造与地外行星表面建造；在研技术涵盖材料挤出、直接能量沉积、粉末床熔融、立体光刻、计算轴向光刻等多种成型工艺。综述了国内外ISAM技术的研究进展与发展趋势，对比了与空间环境相关的增材制造技术原理及工艺特点，总结了典型微低重力验证平台及试验方法，梳理了面向真实空间环境的增材制造研究案例，分析了ISAM技术发展所面临的重大挑战及潜在机遇，展望了ISAM技术未来的重要研究方向。

关键词: 空间增材制造, 太空3D 打印, 在轨制造, 月球建造, 火星建造

Abstract: In-space additive manufacturing (ISAM) is considered a key technology for achieving deep space exploration, efficient utilization of space resources and long-term habitation on extraterrestrial bodies. When compared to conventional terrestrial additive manufacturing, the development of ISAM technology is uniquely challenged by the space environment, which is characterized by high vacuum, intense radiation, microgravity and extreme temperature variations. Breakthroughs are required in equipment compatibility, process control, raw material selection and other aspects. ISAM research is currently focused on two cutting-edge fields: On-orbit manufacturing and surface construction on extraterrestrial bodies. Various types of forming processes, including materialextrusion, directed energy deposition, powder bed fusion, stereolithography and computational axial lithography, are being developed. The current research status and development trends of ISAM technology are reviewed, with comparisons made between the process principles and characteristics of various ISAM technologies. Typical microgravity verification platforms and their testing methods are summarized. Cases of ISAM technology research and application in actual space environments are outlined. The significant challenges and potential opportunities faced in the development of ISAM technology are analyzed and key directions for future research are anticipated.

Key words: in-space additive manufacturing, in-space 3D printing, on-orbit manufacturing, Lunar construction, Mars construction

中图分类号:

郑洋, 赵岑芽, 熊瑞泽, 牛伟, 程芳, 刘伟, 臧立彬. 空间增材制造技术研究现状与展望[J]. 机械工程学报, 2025, 61(23): 217-239.

ZHENG Yang, ZHAO Cenya, XIONG Ruize, NIU Wei, CHENG Fang, LIU Wei, ZANG Libin. Research Status and Prospects of In-space Additive Manufacturing[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2025, 61(23): 217-239.

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