基于等效运动学误差的高精密机床精度校准研究

doi:10.3901/JME.2025.21.446

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 随着机床精度的提高，明确有效的机床校准方法与方案日益成为困扰高精密机床研发、生产和应用行业的难题。本文从机床校准的三个主要技术要素——机床加工误差的建模理论、测量方法和补偿策略出发，以构建机床等效运动学误差函数为基础，提出一套完整的包括特征样件设计加工测量方法和机床带载加工补偿策略的高精密机床精度校准方法并应用于实际高精密机床校准中。首先，基于多体系统理论建立从刀具到工件的机床完整运动链的运动误差模型，明确机床的运动误差与被加工件的几何误差之间的数学映射关系。进而，对机床运动关系进行分析，确定9个等效运动误差函数表征三轴机床的21个运动误差。第三，设计、加工和测量特征样件，实现等效运动误差解耦和带载条件下等效运动误差解析和预测。最后，将带载条件下等效运动误差数据写入机床加工程序，加工并测量典型试件，校准后机床加工零件的同心度、垂直度、平行度、倾斜度等误差减小12.31%～74.47%。基于等效运动学误差的高精密机床精度校准方法在不需要分辨机床误差来源的条件下，预测机床被加工件的几何误差并进行补偿，实现机床精度性能表征、验证、维护和改进。本研究为机床厂商和终端用户提供了一种简易有效的带载精度校准方法。

关键词: 机床校准, 等效运动学误差, 带载加工精度, 特征样件, 误差预测与补偿

Abstract: With the improvement of machine tool accuracy, clear and effective machine tool calibration methods and solutions have increasingly become a problem that plagues the R&D, production and application industries of high-precision machine tools. This paper starts from the three main technical elements of machine tool calibration - modelling theory, measurement methods, and compensation strategies for machine tool machining errors. Based on the construction of the equivalent kinematic error function of machine tools, a complete set of high-precision machine tool accuracy calibration methods including test pieces design, machining measurement methods, and machine tool load compensation strategies is proposed and applied to actual high-precision machine tool calibration. Firstly, based on the theory of multi-body systems, a motion error model for the complete motion chain from the tool to the workpiece on the machine tool is established. the mathematical mapping relationship between the motion errors of the machine tool and the geometric errors of the workpiece being machined is clearly define. Furthermore, the motion relationship of the machine tool is analysed, and the 9 equivalent motion error functions are determined to characterize the 21 motion errors of the three-axis machine tool. Thirdly, the decoupling of equivalent motion errors and the analysis and prediction of the errors under loaded conditions are realized through the design, manufacturing, and measurement of test pieces. Finally, the data of equivalent motion errors under loaded conditions are incorporated into the machine tool processing program. Typical specimens are processed and measured, resulting in a significant reduction of errors in concentricity, perpendicularity, parallelism, tilt, and others about 12.31%～74.47%. The high-precision machine tool accuracy calibration method, based on equivalent kinematic errors and not requiring the identification of machine tool error sources, predicts and compensates for the geometric errors of the processed workpiece. This enables the characterization, validation, maintenance, and improvement of machine tool accuracy performance. The study presented in this paper offers a straightforward and effective loaded accuracy calibration method for machine tool manufacturers and end-users.

Key words: machine tool calibration, equivalent kinematic errors, on load machining accuracy, test piece, error prediction and compensation

中图分类号:

TH122

李天箭, 黎峻刚, 王瀚, 丁晓红, 林志俭. 基于等效运动学误差的高精密机床精度校准研究[J]. 机械工程学报, 2025, 61(21): 446-454.

LI Tianjian, LI Jungang, WANG Han, DING Xiaohong, LIN Zhijian. Research on Accuracy Calibration of High-precision Machine Tools Based on Equivalent Kinematic Errors[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2025, 61(21): 446-454.

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