激光电弧复合增材制造铝合金的组织和性能研究

doi:10.3901/JME.2025.10.152

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 激光电弧复合增材制造过程中成形质量控制及微观组织演变规律等较焊接过程更为复杂。为了明确扫描速度对激光电弧复合增材制造高强铝合金成形质量、微观组织以及显微硬度等的影响规律，以2024高强铝合金为研究对象，采用激光与冷金属过渡加脉冲(Cold metal transfer and plus，CMT-P)电弧复合增材制造技术制备了不同扫描速度下的薄壁构件。研究扫描速度对薄壁构件的成形质量、微观组织演变规律以及显微硬度的影响规律。研究结果表明，合理调节扫描速度可以有效提高薄壁构件的成形精度以及降低增材制造过程中的飞溅程度；所有试样均呈现周期性明暗分层结构，其晶粒结构沿沉积方向呈现梯度演变特征，底部区域为定向生长的柱状晶，顶部区域由粗大的柱状晶和等轴晶的混合结构组成；同时，不同扫描速度下的增材试样沿着增材方向从下到上的显微硬度走势基本相同，且增材试样稳定区域的显微硬度是基板硬度的80%～85%，其基本保持在90～115 HV_0.98N。

关键词: 增材制造, 高强铝合金, 成形质量, 微观组织, 显微硬度

Abstract: The quality control and microstructural evolution during the laser-arc hybrid additive manufacturing process are notably more complex than in conventional welding procedures. To clarify the influence of scanning speed on the forming quality, microstructure, and microhardness of high-strength aluminum alloys in laser-arc hybrid additive manufacturing, thin-walled additive components were produced using the laser and cold metal transfer and plus(CMT-P) arc technology, focusing on 2024 high-strength aluminum alloys. The influence of scanning speed on the forming quality, microstructure evolution and microhardness of thin-walled components was studied. The results reveal that a judicious adjustment of scanning speed can significantly enhance the forming accuracy of thin-walled additive components while reducing the extent of spattering throughout the manufacturing process. All the samples show a periodic light-dark layered structure, and the grain structure shows a gradient evolution along the deposition direction. The bottom region is a columnar crystal with directional growth, the top region is composed of coarse columnar grains and equiaxed grains； Furthermore, the microhardness trends along the build direction from bottom to top of the additive specimens remain consistent across different scanning speeds, with the microhardness in the stabilized region of the additive specimens being 80%-85% of that of the substrate, maintained between 90-115 HV_0.98N.

Key words: additive manufacturing, high-strength aluminum alloy, forming quality, microstructure, microhardness

中图分类号:

TG455
TG146

贺世伟, 朱丽娜, 张志强, 康嘉杰. 激光电弧复合增材制造铝合金的组织和性能研究[J]. 机械工程学报, 2025, 61(10): 152-163.

HE Shiwei, ZHU Lina, ZHANG Zhiqiang, Kang Jiajie. Study on the Microstructure and Properties of Laser-arc Hybrid Additive Manufacturing of Aluminum Alloys[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2025, 61(10): 152-163.

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