Abstract: Industry 5.0 is an emerging manufacturing paradigm driven by value, with human-centric intelligent manufacturing as one of its core concepts. However, research on human-centric intelligent manufacturing is mainly focused on system level, and there is still limited research on its application of specific processes such as additive manufacturing. Therefore, there is an urgent need to clarify the relevant scientific issues and key challenges. A reference framework is proposed for human-machine collaborative additive manufacturing aligned with Industry 5.0, based on the theory of the human-cyber-physical system. It establishes a three-level model encompassing product, economy, and ecology, and elucidates the fundamental concept of human-machine collaborative additive manufacturing, taking into account the intrinsic features and functional evolution of additive manufacturing technology. Focused on the product development process, key enabling technologies are discussed, including the Internet of Everything, artificial intelligence, digital twin, augmented reality, and smart materials. These technologies facilitate typical applications in different layers of the framework, including customized product design, interactive manufacturing, human-machine collaboration for product chains, crowdsourcing, distributed manufacturing, and energy saving are discussed. The objective of this framework is to study human-machine collaborative additive manufacturing and systematically present its core concepts, key technologies, and typical scenarios, thereby promoting the transition of additive manufacturing towards the Industry 5.0 paradigm of human-machine collaboration and better meeting user's personalized demands.

Key words: human-machine collaboration, additive manufacturing, human-cyber-physical systems, industry 5.0, human-centric smart manufacturing