Influence of Microchannel Interface Shear on Cavitation Flow Field Characteristics of Liquid Film Seal

doi:10.3901/JME.2023.09.171

Abstract

Abstract: Aiming at the problem of seal instability caused by strong fluctuation at the interface of cavitation area of liquid film seal at high speed, in order to find a method to suppress the fluctuation, the effect of shear conditions at the bottom of microchannel groove on the characteristics of liquid film cavitation flow field was investigated. Schnerr-Sauer cavitation model was selected, and laminar and transition SST models were used to compare and study the opening force F_o, leakage rate Q, cavitation proportion and velocity distribution in cavitation area under the conditions of no slip and no shear at the bottom of groove at different speeds. The results show that the selection of flow model (laminar and transition SST model) has a negligible effect on F_o and Q, but has a significant effect on cavitation; the liquid film cavitation bubble presents an irregular curved surface in the film thickness direction, the cavitation area of the axial section at the middle of the film thickness in the groove region accounts for the largest proportion, and it decreases to the non-groove end face side when there is no slip and to both non-groove and groove end faces when there is no shear; the flow patterns in the non-groove region and groove region can be determined separately, the former is always laminar flow, while the latter is laminar flow when it is below 11 300 r/min and transition when it is higher than 11 300 r/min, and if there is a local area where the flow factor is 9/16<ζ<1 or if cavitation occurs in this area, transition SST model shall be adopted; the ultra slippery water modification on the bottom of the groove can significantly increase F_o (51.6% at 15 000 r/min), reduce Q (2.9% at 1 000 r/min), effectively reduce the cavitation rate (The proportion of cavitation volume at 15 000 r/min is reduced by more than 80%), improve the critical cavitation speed (from 4 000 r/min to 7 000 r/min) and liquid film stability (the velocity fluctuation in the cavitation area is weakened, and the critical speed of turbulence formation in the groove region is increased from 4 000 r/min to 11 300 r/min), and the variation of cavitation with speed is regular and predictable. The research results will provide a reference for further improving the liquid film seal performance, perfecting the related microchannel flow theory and realizing the cavitation control.

Key words: liquid film seal, interface shear, cavitation, high speed, microfluidic field

CLC Number:

TH117

HU Qiong, XIAO Yang, LU Di, CAO Zhikang, WANG Xiaolei, WANG Yan, WU Yang, HE Yiming. Influence of Microchannel Interface Shear on Cavitation Flow Field Characteristics of Liquid Film Seal[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2023, 59(9): 171-185.

References

[1] 彭旭东,金杰,李定,等. 高速涡轮泵机械密封端面温度变化规律研究[J]. 摩擦学学报,2019,39(3):313-318. PENG Xudong,JIN Jie,LI Ding,et al. Analysis of face temperature in mechanical seal applied in the high speed turbo pump[J]. Tribology,2019,39(3):313-318.
[2] 张国渊,陈国忠,赵伟刚,等. 高速低温动静结合型机械密封结构优化及运转试验[J]. 航空动力学报,2018,33(5):1093-1102. ZHANG Guoyuan,CHEN Guozhong,ZHAO Weigang,et al. Optimization and test of parameters of the cryogenic hydrodynamic mechanical seal[J]. Journal of Aerospace Power,2018,33(5):1093-1102.
[3] ROUILLON M,BRUNETIÈRE N. Spiral groove face seal behavior and performance in liquid lubricated applications[J]. Tribology Transactions,2018,61(6):1048-1056.
[4] ETSION I. A new concept of zero-leakage noncontacting mechanical face seal[J]. Journal of Tribolooy,1984,106(3):338-343.
[5] 赵文静,金杰,孟祥铠,等. 涉海装备用机械密封技术研究现状及发展趋势研究[J]. 摩擦学学报,2019,39(6):792-802. ZHAO Wenjing,JIN Jie,MENG Xiangkai,et al. State of the art and development trend of mechanical seal for marine equipment[J]. Tribology,2019,39(6):792-802.
[6] LEBECK A O. Principles and design of mechanical face seals[M]. Hoboken:Wiley,1991.
[7] 顾永泉. 机械密封实用技术[M]. 北京:机械工业出版社,2001. GU Yongquan. Practical technology of mechanical seal[M]. Beijing:China Machine Press,2001.
[8] 刘伟,彭旭东,白少先,等. 流体静压型机械密封的三维传热数学模型及端面温度分析[J]. 摩擦学学报,2010,30(1):57-63. LIU Wei,PENG Xudong,BAI Shaoxian,et al. Numerical analysis of three-dimensional heat transfer model of hydrostatic mechanical seal[J]. Tribology,2010,30(1):57-63.
[9] 陈汇龙,吴强波,左木子,等. 机械密封端面液膜空化的研究进展[J]. 排灌机械工程学报,2015,33(2):138-144. CHEN Huilong,WU Qiangbo,ZUO Muzi,et al. Overview on liquid film cavitaion in mechanical seal faces[J]. Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machinery Engineering, 2015,33(2):138-144.
[10] MA X Z,MENG X K,WANG Y M,et al. Suction effect of cavitation in the reverse-spiral-grooved mechanical face seals[J]. Tribology International,2019,132:142-153.
[11] 王涛,黄伟峰,王玉明. 机械密封液膜汽化问题研究现状与进展[J]. 化工学报,2012,63(11):3375-3382. WANG Tao,HUANG Weifeng,WANG Yuming. Research and process of mechanical seals operating with vaporization transition[J]. Journal of Chemical Industry and Engineering,2012,63(11):3375-3382.
[12] WANG T,HUANG W,LIU X,et al. Experimental study of two-phase mechanical face seals with laser surface texturing[J]. Tribology International,2014,72(72):90-97.
[13] MIGOUT F,BRUNETIÈRE N,TOURNERIE B. Study of the fluid film vaporization in the interface of a mechanical face seal[J]. Tribology International,2015,92:84-95.
[14] 杨笑,孟祥铠,彭旭东,等. 表面织构化机械密封热弹流润滑性能分析[J]. 摩擦学学报,2018,38(2):204-212. YANG Xiao,MENG Xiangkai,PENG Xudong,et al. A TEHD lubrication analysis of surface textured mechanical seals[J]. Tribology,2018,38(2):204-212.
[15] 彭旭东,金杰,孟祥铠,等. 汽液两相流机械密封的研究进展[J]. 摩擦学学报,2019,39(5):643-655. PENG Xudong,JIN Jie,MENG Xiangkai,et al. Research progress on the liquid face seal of vapor-liquid two-phase flow[J]. Tribology,2019,39(5):643-655.
[16] QIU Y,KHONSARI M M. Experimental investigation of tribological performance of laser textured stainless steel rings[J]. Tribology International,2011,44(5):635-644.
[17] LI Zhentao,HAO Muming,SUN Xinhui,et al. Experimental study of cavitation characteristic of single-row reverse spiral groove liquid-film seals[J]. Tribology International,2020,141:105782-105782.
[18] SALANT R F,FORTIER A E. Numerical analysis of a slider bearing with a heterogeneous slip/no-slip surface[J]. Tribology Transactions,2004,47(3):328-334.
[19] GROPPER D,WANG L,HARVEY T J. Hydrodynamic lubrication of textured surfaces:A review of modeling techniques and key findings[J]. Tribology International,2016,94:509-529.
[20] SINGHAL A K,ATHAVALE M M,LI H Y,et al. Mathematical basis and validation of the full cavitation model[J]. Journal of Fluids Engineering,2002,124(3):617-624.
[21] SCHNERR G H,SAUER J. Physical and numerical modeling of unsteady cavitation dynamics[C]//Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Multiphase Flow. New Orleans,USA,2001.
[22] ZWART P,GERBER A,BELAMRI T. A two-phase flow model for predicting cavitation dynamics[C]//Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Multiphase Flow. Yokohama,Japan,2004.
[23] LI Q,LIU S L,PAN X H,et al. A new method for studying the 3D transient flow of misaligned journal bearings in flexible rotor-bearing systems[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A,2012,13(4):293-310.
[24] TIEU A K,QIU Z L. Experimental study of freely alignable journal bearings-Part Ⅰ:Static characteristics[J]. ASME Journal of Tribology,1996,118(3):498-502.
[25] 熊永强. 计入空化效应的水润滑径向滑动轴承数值模拟研究[D]. 上海:上海交通大学,2011. XIONG Yongqiang. Numerical study of the water- lubricated journal bearings considering the effects of cavitation[D]. Shanghai:Shanghai Jiao Tong University,2011.
[26] 庄媛. 稳态下空化效应对液膜密封性能影响的数值研究[D]. 青岛:中国石油大学,2015. ZHUANG Yuan. Numerical analysis of steady characteristics of liquid film seal considering the effects of cavitation[D]. Qingdao:China University of Petroleum,2015.
[27] BRUNETIERE N,TOURNERIE B,FRENE J. Influence of fluid flow regime on performances of non-contacting liquid face seals[J]. Journal of Tribology,2002,124(3):515-523.
[28] CENGEL Y A,CIMBALA J M. Fluid mechanics:Fundamentals and applications[M]. New York:McGraw-Hill Higher Education,2006.
[29] 王丽丽. 高速滑动轴承的界面滑移及空穴机理研究[D]. 济南:山东大学,2012. WANG Lili. Study on wall slip and cavitation mechanism of a high speed journal bearing[D]. Jinan:Shangdong University,2012.
[30] 李庆展,郑娆,李世聪,等. 高速动压密封的气液两相性能对比分析和试验[J]. 哈尔滨工业大学学报,2019,51(7):70-75. LI Qingzhan,ZHENG Rao,LI Shicong,et al. Comparative analysis and experiment on gas-phase and liquid-phase performance of high-speed hydrodynamic seal[J]. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology,2019,51(7):70-75.
[31] 李京浩. 机械密封空化效应的数值计算方法与实验研究[D]. 北京:清华大学,2011. LI Jinghao. Numerical computing method and experimental study for cavitation in mechanical seals[D]. Beijing:Tsinghua University,2011.
[32] XI S,NI T. Effects of groove textures on fully lubricated sliding with cavitation[J]. Tribology International,2011,44(12):2022-2028.
[33] SNYDER T A,BRAUN M J,PIERSON K C. Two-way coupled Reynolds and Rayleigh-Plesset equations for a fully transient,multiphysics cavitation model with pseudo-cavitation[J]. Tribology International,2016,93:429-445.
[34] LI Z T,LI Y F,CAO H,et al. Investigation of cavitation evolution and hydrodynamic performances of oil film seal with spiral groove[J]. Tribology International,2021,157:1-13.
[35] 白少先,宋源森. 液体密封端面倾斜椭圆孔上游泵送特性[J]. 摩擦学学报,2019,39(1):10-16. BAI Shaoxian,SONG Yuansen. Upstream pumping characteristic of inclined-ellipse-dimples on liquid- lubricated seal face[J]. Tribology,2019,39(1):10-16.
[36] ANSYS Inc. ANSYS fluent theory guide(2020 R1)[M]. Canonsburg:ANSYS Inc,2020.
[37] MANNINEN M,TAIVASSALO V,KALLIO S. On the mixture model for multiphase flow[M]. Espoo:VTT Publications,1996.
[38] SCHILLER L,NAUMANN Z. A drag coefficient correlation[J]. Zeitschrift des Vereins Deutscher Ingenieure,1935,77:318-320.
[39] WU Q,KIM S,ISHII M,et al. One-group interfacial area transport in vertical bubbly flow[J]. International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer,1998,41(8-9):1103-1112.
[40] ISHII M,KIM S. Micro four-sensor probe measurement of interfacial area transport for bubbly flow in round pipes[J]. Nuclear Engineering & Design,2001,205(1-2):123-131.
[41] BRENNEN C E. Cavitation and bubble dynamics[M]. New York:Oxford University Press,1995.
[42] WANG Y,SUN J J,HU Q,et al. Orientation effect of orderly roughness microstructure on spiral groove dry gas seal[J]. Tribology International,2018,126:97-105.
[43] FRANC J P,MICHEL J M. Fundamentals of cavitation[J]. Fluid Mechanics & Its Applications,2004,76(11):1-46.
[44] ZHANG J,MENG Y. Direct observation of cavitation phenomenon and hydrodynamic lubrication analysis of textured surfaces[J]. Tribology Letters,2012,46(2):147-158.
[45] CROSS A T,SADEGHI F,CAO L,et al. Flow visualization in a pocketed thrust washer[J]. Tribology Transactions,2012,55(5):571-581.
[46] 陈匡民. 流体动密封[M]. 成都:成都科技大学出版社,1990. CHEN Kuangmin. Hydrodynamic seals[M]. Chengdu:Chengdu University of Science and Technology Press,1990.
[47] MENTER F R,LANGTRY R B,LIKKI S R,et al. A correlation-based transition model using local variables-Part I:Model formulation[J]. Journal of Turbomachinery,2006,128(3):413-422.
[48] LANGTRY R B,MENTER F R,LIKKI S R,et al. A correlation-based transition model using local variables-Part II:Test cases and industrial applications[J]. Journal of Turbomachinery,2006,128(3):423-434.
[49] BRUNETIERE N,ROUILLON M. Fluid flow regime transition in water lubricated spiral grooved face seals[J]. Tribology International,2021,153:106605.
[50] PRAUSOVÁ H,BUBLÍK O,VIMMR J,et al. Clearance gap flow:Simulations by discontinuous Galerkin method and experiments[J]. European Physical Journal Web of Conferences,2015,92:02073.
[51] 胡琼,卢迪,肖洋,等. 基于槽区表面纹理化改性的液膜密封性能提升方法[J]. 表面技术,2022,51(7):150-160. HU Qiong,LU Di,XIAO Yang,et al. A method for improving liquid film seal performance based on groove surface texture[J]. Surface Technology,2022,51(7):150-160.
[52] ZHANG X Y,ZHU Y X,GRANIEK S. Hydrophobieity at a janus interface[J]. Science,2002,295:263-266.
[53] 吴承伟,马国军. 关于流体流动的边界滑移[J]. 中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2004(6):681-690. WU Chenwei,MA Guojun. On boundary slip of fluid flow[J]. Science in China Series G:Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy,2004(6):681-690.
[54] 王衍,曹志康,王英尧,等. 旋转流场流态预测模型验证及其速度分量选择的差异性[J]. 化工进展,2021,40(5):2389-2400. WANG Yan,CAO Zhikang,WANG Yingyao,et al. Validation of flow regime prediction model and differences of velocity component selection for rotating flow field[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress,2021,40(5):2389-2400.