Study on Microstructure and Properties of 18Ni-350 Maraging Steel by Wire and Arc Addictive Manufacturing with Ultrasonic Impact Treatment

doi:10.3901/JME.2025.02.162

Abstract

Abstract: Wire and arc additive manufacturing of maraging steels with coarse dendritic crystals resulted in worse mechanical properties. In response to this phenomenon, the straight wall of 18Ni-350 maraging steel is fabricated by wire and arc additive manufacturing with ultrasonic impact treatment(UIT). The mechanical properties and microstructure of 18Ni-350 maraging steel with UIT are investigated. The results showed the UIT suppressed the formation of coarse dendritic crystals, changed the morphology of grain growth and refined the grain. Compared with directly deposited samples, the austenite content of UIT samples remained unchanged, while size is decreased and more homogeneously distributed. In addition, precipitated phases of Ni3Ti are observed in the directly deposited samples, while no precipitated phases are observed in the UIT samples. After solution+aging treatment, the UIT samples produced recrystallization phenomenon. Meanwhile, the transverse and longitudinal tensile strength reached 2079.5 MPa and 2109.5 MPa respectively, with the ultimate elongation reaching 6.95%. The mechanical properties of the UIT samples are satisfied than the directly deposited samples. The response effect of ultrasonic impact on age hardening is more significant.

Key words: maraging steel, ultrasonic impact treatment, wire and arc additive manufacturing, microstructure, mechanical property

CLC Number:

TG156

YANG Chunpan, WANG Xiaowei, LI Xuesong, YANG Dongqing, HUANG Yong, PENG Yong, WANG Kehong. Study on Microstructure and Properties of 18Ni-350 Maraging Steel by Wire and Arc Addictive Manufacturing with Ultrasonic Impact Treatment[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2025, 61(2): 162-171.

References

[1] MALAKONDAIAH G，SRINIVAS M，RAO P R. Ultrahigh-strength low-alloy steels with enhanced fracture toughness[J]. Progress in Materials Science，1997，42(1)：209-242.
[2] MOSHKA O，PINKAS M，BROSH E，et al. Addressing the issue of precipitates in maraging steels–Unambiguous answer[J]. Materials Science & Engineering A，2015，638：232-239.
[3] SUN L，SIMM T H，MARTIN T L，et al. A novel ultrahigh strength maraging steel with balanced ductility and creep resistance achieved by nanoscale β-NiAl and Laves phase precipitates[J]. Acta Materialia，2018，149：285-301.
[4] KURNSTEINER P，WILMS M B，WEISHEIT A，et al. Massive nanoprecipitation in an Fe-19Ni-xAl maraging steel triggered by the intrinsic heat treatment during laser metal deposition[J]. Acta Materialia，2017，129：52-60.
[5] JIAO Z B，LUAN J H，MILLER M K，et al. Coprecipitation of nanoscale particles in steels with ultra-high strength for a new era[J]. Materials Today，2016，20(3)：142-154.
[6] HERZOG D，SEYDA V，WYCISK E，et al. Additive manufacturing of metals[J]. Acta Materialia，2016，117：371-392.
[7] 杨柯，牛梦超，田家龙，等. 新一代飞机起落架用马氏体时效不锈钢的研究[J]. 金属学报，2018，54(11)：1567-1585. YANG Ke，NIU Mengchao，TIAN Jialong，et al. Research and development of maraging stainless steel used for new generation landing gear[J] Acta Metallurgica Sinica，2018，54(11)：1567-1585.
[8] JOSE B，MANOHARAN M，NATARAJAN A，et al. Development of a low heat-input welding technique for joining thick plates of 250 grade maraging steel to fabricate rocket motor casings[J]. Materials Letters，2022，326：132984.
[9] CHEN L，HE Y，YANG Y X，et al. The research status and development trend of additive manufacturing technology[J]. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology，2017，89(9-12)：3651-3660.
[10] SHAO G，LI H，ZHAN M. A review on ultrasonic- assisted forming：Mechanism，model，and process[J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering，2021，34(5)：163-185.
[11] WANG X Y，YANG D Q，HUANG Y，et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of as-deposited and heat-treated 18Ni (350) maraging steel fabricated by gas metal arc-based wire and arc additive manufacturing[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance，2021，30：6972-6981.
[12] XU X F，DING J L，GANGULY S，et al. Preliminary investigation of building strategies of maraging steel bulk material using wire plus arc additive manufacture[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance，2019，28(2)：594-600.
[13] GUO L L，ZHANG L N，ANDERSSON J，et al. Solidification structures and phases in wire arc additive manufacture C250 maraging steel[J]. Journal of Materials Science and Technology，2023，39(5)：582-590.
[14] JIANG X，DI X J，LI C N，et al. Improvement of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance for wire arc additive manufactured nickel alloy 690 by adding TiC particles[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds，2022，928：167198.
[15] COLEGROVE P A，COULES H E，FAIRMAN J，et al. Microstructure and residual stress improvement in wire and arc additively manufactured parts through high-pressure rolling[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology，2013，213(10)：1782-1791.
[16] XU X F，GANGUL S，DING J L，et al. Enhancing mechanical properties of wire+arc additively manufactured INCONEL718 superalloy through in- process thermomechanical processing[J]. Materials and Design，2018，160：1042-1051.
[17] 樊丁，李永鹏，武利建，等. 超声冲击对铝/铜等离子弧熔钎焊接头组织及力学性能的影响[J]. 材料导报，2021，35(16)：16115-16119. FAN Ding，LI Yongpeng，WU Lijian，et al. Effect of ultrasonic vibration on microstructure and mechanical properties of welding-brazing joint between aluminum and copper by plasma welding[J]. Materials Reports，2021，35(16)：16115-16119.
[18] 朱宗涛，祝全超，李远星，等. 超声冲击辅助A7N01铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接组织及力学性能[J]. 焊接学报，2016，37(6)：80-84，132-133. ZHU Zongtang，ZHU Quanchao，LI Yuanxing，et al. Microstructure and mechanical property of A7N01 aluminum alloy welded by laser-MIG hybrid method with assisting ultrasonic vibration[J]. Transactions of the China Welding Institution，2016，37(6)：80-84，132-133.
[19] CHEN C，FAN C L，LIN S B，et al. Effect of ultrasonic pattern on weld appearance and droplet transfer in ultrasonic assisted MIG welding process[J]. Journal of Manufacturing Processes，2018，35：368-372.
[20] THAVAMANI R，BALUSAMY V，NAMPOOTHIRI J，et al. Mitigation of hot cracking in Inconel 718 superalloy by ultrasonic vibration during gas tungsten arc welding[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds，2018，740：870-878.
[21] 陈伟，陈玉华，温涛涛，等. 超声冲击对电弧增材制造铝青铜合金组织和拉伸性能的影响[J]. 中国有色金属学报，2020，30(10)：2280-2294. CHEN Wei，CHEN Yuhua，WEN Taotao，et al. Effect of ultrasonic vibration on microstructure and tensile properties of aluminum bronze alloy produced by wire arc additive manufacturing[J]. The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals，2020，30(10)：2280-2294.
[22] BAI Y C，YANG Y Q，WANG D，et al. Influence mechanism of parameters process and mechanical properties evolution mechanism of maraging steel 300 by selective laser melting[J]. Materials Science and Engineering：A，2017，703：116-123.
[23] DENG F，YANG G，WU B，et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of hybrid-manufactured maraging steel component using 4% nitrogen shielding gas fabricated by wrought-wire arc additive manufacturing[J]. Coatings，2022，12：356.
[24] KÜRNSTEINER P，WILMS M B，WEISHEIT A，et al. High-strength damascus steel by additive manufacturing [J]. Nature，2020，582(7813)：515-519.
[25] ZHAO S X，XUE X K，WANG J J. Martensite transformation behavior during continuous cooling of 22MnCrNiMo high strength steel[J]. Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment，2021，42(1)：126-131.
[26] APPEL F，PAUL J D H，OEHRING M，et al. Creep behavior of TiAl alloys with enhanced high-temperature capability[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A，2003，34(10)：2149-2164.
[27] TAN C L，ZHOU K S，MA W Y，et al. Microstructural evolution，nanoprecipitation behavior and mechanical properties of selective laser melted high-performance grade 300 maraging steel[J]. Materials and Design，2017，134：23-34.
[28] XU X F，GANGULY S，DING J L，et al. Improving mechanical properties of wire plus arc additively manufactured maraging steel through plastic deformation enhanced aging response[J]. Materials Science and Engineering：A，2019，747：111-118.
[29] 王小强，高晓龙，刘晶，等. V/Nb复合中间层对NiTi合金/不锈钢异种金属激光焊接接头微观组织及力学性能的影响[J]. 机械工程学报，2022，58(8)：136-142. WANG Xiaoqiang，GAO Xiaolong，LIU Jing，et al. Effects of V/Nb composite interlayer on microstructure and mechanical properties of NiTi alloy/stainless steel dissimilar metal laser welding[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering，2022，58(8)：136-142.
[30] ANGELINA S，JIŘÍ K，ALENA M，et al. High strength X3NiCoMoTi 18-9-5 maraging steel prepared by selective laser melting from atomized powder[J]. Materials，2019，12(24)：4174.
[31] CHEN J，XIAO X，YUAN D，et al. Microstructure and properties of Cu-Cr-Zr alloy with columnar crystal structure processed by upward continuous casting[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds，2022，889：161700.
[32] GAO P A，JING G Y，LAN X Q，et al. Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe-Cr-Ni-Co-Mo maraging stainless steel produced by selective laser melting[J]. Materials Science and Engineering：A，2021，814：141149.
[33] YIN S，CHEN C Y，YAN X C，et al. The influence of aging temperature and aging time on the mechanical and tribological properties of selective laser melted maraging 18Ni-300 steel[J]. Additive Manufacturing，2018，22：592-600.
[34] SCHNITZER R，RADIS R，NOHRER M，et al. Reverted austenite in PH 13-8 Mo maraging steels[J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics，2010，122(1)：138-145.
[35] MARCISZ J，STEPIEN J. Short-time ageing of MS350 maraging steel with and without plastic deformation[J]. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials，2014，59(2)：513-520.
[36] BAI Y，WANG D，YANG Y，et al. Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of maraging steel by selective laser melting[J]. Materials Science and Engineering：A，2019，760：105-117.
[37] SUN L，GUO C，HUANG L，et al. Effect and mechanism of inter-layer ultrasonic impact strengthening on the anisotropy of low carbon steel components fabricated by wire and arc additive manufacturing[J]. Materials Science and Engineering：A，2022，848：143382.
[38] 杨东青，王小伟，黄勇，等. 熔化极电弧增材制造18Ni马氏体钢组织和性能[J]. 焊接学报，2020，41(8)：6-9，21，97. YANG Dongqing，WANG Xiaowei，HUANG Yong，et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of 18 Ni maraging steel deposited by gas metal arc additive manufacturing[J]. Transactions of the China Welding Institution，2020，41(8)：6-9，21，97.
[39] GAO P，JING G，LAN X，et al. Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe-Cr- Ni-Co-Mo maraging stainless steel produced by selective laser melting[J]. Materials Science and Engineering：A，2021，814：141-149.
[40] LIU Z，ZHAO D，WANG P，et al. Additive manufacturing of metals：Microstructure evolution and multistage control[J]. Journal of Materials Science & Technology，2022，100：224-236.