淹没式水射流喷嘴流动特性分析

doi:10.3901/JME.260128

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 在水下科学考察、考古、军事防御以及遇难飞机和船只的搜寻打捞过程中，清除物体表面的泥沙是关键步骤。目前，常用的清除方法包括挖沙和水射流冲沙。挖沙方法适用于浅水作业，但在深海环境中，由于作业条件复杂且需要非接触式操作，水射流冲沙因其作业方便、适应性强、绿色环保等优点，成为更为实用的技术。在水射流冲沙作业中，喷嘴是关键元件，其结构和参数对作业效果起决定性作用。基于数值模拟和理论分析，研究了喷嘴的内部结构尺寸、喷射角度、射流距离及供水压力等参数对射流性能的影响，提出了协同优化设计方法。研究表明，喷嘴出口扩散角约为45°、射流距离约为30 mm时，泥沙清除效果最佳，冲沙效率最高。优化设计的喷嘴在有效作用面积和射流速度分布方面均表现出显著优势，为深海水射流冲沙技术的发展提供了理论基础和技术支持，同时为喷嘴在实际海洋环境中的应用奠定了基础。未来将进一步研究喷嘴在高压、高含沙量等复杂深海条件下的流动特性，以优化其设计并提升其适应性。

关键词: 淹没式水射流喷嘴, 计算流体动力学, 出口扩散角, 射流距离, 喷嘴流动特性, 协同优化设计

Abstract: In underwater scientific exploration, archaeology, military defense, and the search and recovery of wrecked airplanes and ships, removing sediment from the surface of objects is a critical step. Currently, standard methods for sediment removal include dredging and water jet scouring. Dredging is suitable for shallow water operations. However, in deep-sea environments, due to complex working conditions and the need for non-contact operations, water jet scouring has become a more practical technology because of its convenience, adaptability, and environmental friendliness. In water jet scouring operations, the nozzle is a key component, and its structure and parameters play a decisive role in the operation's effectiveness. Based on numerical simulations and theoretical analysis, this study investigates the effects of nozzle internal structure dimensions, jet angles, jet distances, and water supply pressures on jet performance. A collaborative optimization design method is proposed. The results show that the optimal sediment removal performance and highest scouring efficiency are achieved when the nozzle’s outlet diffusion angle is approximately 45°, and the jet distance is about 30 mm. The optimized nozzle demonstrates significant advantages regarding effective coverage area and jet velocity distribution. This study provides a theoretical foundation and technical support for developing deep-sea water jet scouring technology while laying the groundwork for nozzle applications in real marine environments. Future research will focus on the flow characteristics of the nozzle under high pressure, high sediment concentration, and other complex deep-sea conditions to optimize its design and enhance its adaptability.

Key words: sbmerged water jet nozzle, computational fluid dynamics, outlet diffusion angle, jet distance, nozzle flow characteristic, collaborative optimization design

中图分类号:

TH137

胡锡广, 吴德发, 刘涵辉, 李江雄, 蒋济泽, 刘银水. 淹没式水射流喷嘴流动特性分析[J]. 机械工程学报, 2026, 62(4): 318-327.

HU Xiguang, WU Defa, LIU Hanhui, LI Jiangxiong, JIANG Jize, LIU Yinshui. Analysis of Flow Characteristics of Submerged Water Jet Nozzle[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2026, 62(4): 318-327.

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