超低温加工机床的液氮冷却介质可靠传输与精准调控

doi:10.3901/JME.2020.01.187

机械工程学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (1): 187-195.doi: 10.3901/JME.2020.01.187

超低温加工机床的液氮冷却介质可靠传输与精准调控

王永青, 韩灵生, 刘阔, 刘海波, 班仔优, 郭东明

大连理工大学精密与特种加工教育部重点实验室大连 116024

收稿日期:2019-02-19 修回日期:2019-08-04 出版日期:2020-01-05 发布日期:2020-03-09
通讯作者: 刘阔(通信作者),男,1983年出生,博士,副教授,硕士生导师。主要研究方向为数控装备智能化。E-mail:liukuo@dlut.edu.cn
作者简介:王永青,男,1969年出生,教授,博士研究生导师,长江学者特聘教授。主要研究方向为超低温冷却加工、测量-加工一体化、装备在机测量理论与技术等。E-mail:yqwang@dlut.edu.cn
基金资助:
长江学者特聘教授奖励计划（T2017030）、国家自然科学基金（U1608251、51775085、51621064）、辽宁省兴辽英才计划（XLYC1807081）、大连市高层次人才创新支持计划（218RD05）和高性能复杂制造国家重点实验室开放课题（Kfkt2016-5）资助项目。

Reliable Transmission and Precise Regulation of Liquid Nitrogen as the Coolant of Cryogenic Machine Tool

WANG Yongqing, HAN Lingsheng, LIU Kuo, LIU Haibo, BAN Ziyou, GUO Dongming

Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024

Received:2019-02-19 Revised:2019-08-04 Online:2020-01-05 Published:2020-03-09

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 超低温冷却加工是一种以钛合金、复合材料为代表的难加工材料高质高效加工方法。刀具中内喷式冷却是将液氮通过主轴和刀柄的内腔通道引导至刀尖处。与刀具外喷淋冷却相比，内喷方式对切削区域及刀具的冷却更加充分。常规机床主轴和刀柄无法实现液氮传输功能，其材料和结构更不能满足超低温隔热与动密封要求。为解决机床结构中液氮因汽化和泄漏导致相态、流量、压力等传输特征稳定性差、不可控的难题，提出基于定向导引与热阻强化的隔热方法，建立唇形密封在超低温介质下的接触应力模型，提出局限空间内的超低温动密封方法，研制保障液氮可靠传输的中空隔热主轴-刀柄；揭示热交换与两相流压降对液氮传输稳定性的影响机理，构建液氮射流状态精准调控系统。开发国内首台液氮内喷式超低温加工机床，开展液氮传输调控试验与钛合金切削试验，结果表明：主轴隔热、密封性能良好，液氮传输状态稳定且调控精准度高，超低温加工表面粗糙度较干切削降低约50%，冷却效果显著。

关键词: 难加工材料, 超低温冷却, 液氮, 超低温机床, 动密封

Abstract: Cryogenic machining is a high-quality and high-efficiency processing method for difficult-to-machine materials such as titanium alloys and composite materials. Internal cooling in tool is that liquid nitrogen is guided through the inner passages of spindle and toolholder to the tip of tool. Compared with the external cooling,the cutting area and tool are cooled more sufficiently by internal cooling. Liquid nitrogen transmission is not realized by conventional machine tool,and their material and structure can not meet the requirements of cryogenic insulation and dynamic seal. In order to solve the problem which the phase,flow rate,pressure and other characteristics of liquid nitrogen are difficult to maintain stability and control due to vaporization and leakage in machine tool,a thermal insulation method based on directional guidance and thermal resistance enhancement is proposed. The contact stress model of lip seal under cryogenic coolant is established,and a method of cryogenic dynamic seal in confined space is proposed. A hollow adiabatic spindle-toolholder for reliable transmission of liquid nitrogen is developed. The impact mechanism of heat exchange and two-phase flow pressure drop on the stability of liquid nitrogen is revealed,and a precise regulation system for liquid nitrogen jet is constructed. Finally,the first cryogenic machine tool with liquid nitrogen delivering through spindle in China is developed. A series of liquid nitrogen transmission and titanium alloy milling experiments are carried out. The results show the thermal insulation and sealing of spindle are fine,the transmission state of liquid nitrogen is stable and its regulation accuracy is high. The surface roughness of cryogenic machining is 50% lower than that of dry cutting,which proves the effect of cryogenic cooling is significant.

Key words: difficult-to-machine materials, cryogenic cooling, liquid nitrogen, cryogenic machine tool, dynamic seal

中图分类号:

TG547

王永青, 韩灵生, 刘阔, 刘海波, 班仔优, 郭东明. 超低温加工机床的液氮冷却介质可靠传输与精准调控[J]. 机械工程学报, 2020, 56(1): 187-195.

WANG Yongqing, HAN Lingsheng, LIU Kuo, LIU Haibo, BAN Ziyou, GUO Dongming. Reliable Transmission and Precise Regulation of Liquid Nitrogen as the Coolant of Cryogenic Machine Tool[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2020, 56(1): 187-195.

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超低温加工机床的液氮冷却介质可靠传输与精准调控

Reliable Transmission and Precise Regulation of Liquid Nitrogen as the Coolant of Cryogenic Machine Tool

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