Four-dimensional Printing —— the Additive Manufacturing Technology of Intelligent Components

doi:10.3901/JME.2020.15.001

Abstract

Abstract: 4D printing technology has aroused widespread attention in the academic and industrial communities since its conceptualization in 2013. It is an additive manufacturing technology for fabricating intelligent components and a revolutionary manufacturing technology based on the high degree of cross-integration of the disciplines including materials, mechanical engineering, dynamics, information, etc. This review paper clarifies the concept and connotation of 4D printing and introduces the application prospects of 4D printing in aerospace, automotive, biomedical and software robots. The state of the art of intelligent component design, simulation, materials, manufacturing processes & equipment, and functional evaluation of intelligent components in 4D printing are also describe. Some existing problems are pointed out, and the research thoughts on 4D printing are put forward. Finally, we propose the development direction and research focus of 4D printing in the future.

Key words: 4D printing, additive manufacturing (AM), intelligent component

CLC Number:

TF124

SHI Yusheng, WU Hongzhi, YAN Chunze, YANG Xiao, CHEN Daobing, ZHANG Ce, SU Bin, SONG Bo, LI Zhongwei, PANG Shengyong, WEN Shifeng, LIANG Bo, ZHAO Qingliang, HE Jiankang, ZHANG Shuquan, WEN Yintang. Four-dimensional Printing —— the Additive Manufacturing Technology of Intelligent Components[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2020, 56(15): 1-25.

References

[1] 江洪,康学萍. 3D打印技术的发展分析[J]. 新材料产业,2013(10):36-41. JIANG Hong,KANG Xueping. Development analysis of 3D printing technology[J]. New Materials Industry,2013(10):36-41
[2] TIBBITS S. The emergence of 4D printing[C/OL]//[2013-02] http://ted.con/talks/skylar_tibbits_the_emergence_of_4d_printing.
[3] KUANG X,ROACH D J,WU J,et al. Advances in 4D printing:Materials and applications[J]. Advanced Functional Materials,2019,29(2):1805290.
[4] MOMENI F,LIU X,NI J. A review of 4D printing[J]. Materials & Design,2017,122:42-79.
[5] LI X,SHANG J,WANG Z. Intelligent materials:A review of applications in 4D printing[J]. Assembly Automation,2017,37(2):170-85.
[6] ZHONG X K,TEOH J E M,LIU Y,et al. 3D printing of smart materials:A review on recent progresses in 4D printing[J]. Virtual & Physical Prototyping,2015,10(3):103-22.
[7] KIM Y,YUK H,ZHAO R,et al. Printing ferromagnetic domains for untethered fast-transforming soft materials[J]. Nature,2018,558(7709):274-279.
[8] LIU J,WANG Y,ZHAO D,et al. Design and fabrication of an IPMC-embedded tube for minimally invasive surgery applications[C]// Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) 2014. International Society for Optics and Photonics,2014,9056:90563K.
[9] ZAREK M,LAYANI M,COOPERSTEIN I,et al. 3D printing of shape memory polymers for flexible electronic devices[J]. Advanced Materials,2016,28(22):4449-4454.
[10] WU H,ZHANG X,MA Z,et al. A material combination concept to realize 4D printed products with newly emerging property/functionality[J]. Advanced Science,2020,7:1903208.
[11] SHIN D G,KIM T H,KIM D E. Review of 4D printing materials and their properties[J]. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology,2017,4(3):349-357.
[12] ZHOU Y,HUANG W M,KANG S F,et al. From 3D to 4D printing:Approaches and typical applications[J]. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology,2015,29(10):4281-4288.
[13] MITCHELL A,LAFONT U,HOŁYŃSKA M,et al. Additive manufacturing-A review of 4D printing and future applications[J]. Additive Manufacturing,2018,24:606-626.
[14] 许云涛. 智能变形飞行器进展及关键技术研究[J]. 战术导弹技术,2017(2):26-33. XU Yuntao. Research on the progress and key technology of intelligent deformable aircraft[J]. Tactical Missile Technology,2017(2):26-33.
[15] CHEN Y,MOLNáROVá O,TYC O,et al. Recoverability of large strains and deformation twinning in martensite during tensile deformation of NiTi shape memory alloy polycrystals[J]. Acta Materialia,2019,180:243-259.
[16] CAPUTO M P,BERKOWITZ A E,ARMSTRONG A,et al. 4D printing of net shape parts made from Ni-Mn-Ga magnetic shape-memory alloys[J]. Additive Manufacturing,2018,21:579-588.
[17] ZAREK M,MANSOUR N,SHAPIRA S,et al. 4D printing of shape memory based personalized endoluminal medical devices[J]. Macromolecular Rapid Communications,2017,38(2):1600628.
[18] TRUBY R L,LEWIS J A. Printing soft matter in three dimensions[J]. Nature,2016,540(7633):371-378.
[19] GE Q,SAKHAEI A H,LEE H,et al. Multimaterial 4D printing with tailorable shape memory polymers[J]. Scientific Reports,2016,6:31110.
[20] GE Q,QI H J,DUNN M L. Active materials by four-dimension printing[J]. Applied Physics Letters,2013,103(13):131901.
[21] HUANG L,JIANG R,WU J,et al. Ultrafast digital printing toward 4D shape changing materials[J]. Advanced Materials,2017,29(7):1605390.
[22] KUKSENOK O,BALAZS A C. Stimuli-responsive behavior of composites integrating thermo-responsive gels with photo-responsive fibers[J]. Materials Horizons,2016,3(1):53-62.
[23] JANBAZ S,NOORDZIJ N,WIDYARATIH D S,et al. Origami lattices with free-form surface ornaments[J]. Science Advances,2017,3(11):eaao1595.
[24] DING Z,YUAN C,PENG X,et al. Direct 4D printing via active composite materials[J]. Science Advances,2017,3(4):e1602890.
[25] FABER J A,ARRIETA A F,STUDART A R. Bioinspired spring origami[J]. Science,2018,359(6382):1386-1391.
[26] CHEN D,LIU Q,HAN Z,et al. 4D printing strain self-sensing and temperature self-sensing integrated-sensor-actuator woth bio-inspired gradiend gaps[J]. Advanced Science,2020,2000584.
[27] ZHANG Z,DEMIR K G,GU G X. Developments in 4D-printing:A review on current smart materials,technologies,and applications[J]. International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials,2019,10(3):205-224.
[28] CASTRO N J,MEINERT C,LEVETT P,et al. Current developments in multifunctional smart materials for 3D/4D bioprinting[J]. Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering,2017,2:67-75.
[29] 卢海洲,罗炫,陈涛,等. 4D打印技术的研究进展[J]. 航空材料学报,2019,39(2):5-13. LU Haizhou,LUO Xuan,CHEN Tao,et al. Research progress of 4D printing technology[J]. Journal of Aeronautical Materials,2019,39(2):5-13.
[30] DAN R,ZHAO W,MCKNELLY C,et al. Active printed materials for complex self-evolving deformations[J]. Scientific reports,2014,4:7422.
[31] JAMAL M,KADAM S S,XIAO R,et al. Tissue Engineering:Bio-origami hydrogel scaffolds composed of photocrosslinked PEG bilayers[J]. Advanced Healthcare Materials,2013,2(8):1066-1066.
[32] SYDNEY GLADMAN A,MATSUMOTO E A,NUZZO R G,et al. Biomimetic 4D printing[J]. Nature Materials,2016,15(4):413-418.
[33] NURLY H,YAN Q,SONG B,et al. Effect of carbon nanotubes reinforcement on the polyvinyl alcohol-polyethylene glycol double-network hydrogel composites:A general approach to shape memory and printability[J]. European Polymer Journal,2019,110:114-122.
[34] SCHMIED J U,LE FERRAND H,ERMANNI P,et al. Programmable snapping composites with bio-inspired architecture[J]. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics,2017,12(2):026012.
[35] YANG Y,CHEN Y,WEI Y,et al. 3D printing of shape memory polymer for functional part fabrication[J]. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2016,84(9-12):2079-2095.
[36] GE Q,SAKHAEI A H,LEE H,et al. Multimaterial 4D printing with tailorable shape memory polymers[J]. Scientific Reports,2016,6:31110.
[37] WU J,YUAN C,DING Z,et al. Multi-shape active composites by 3D printing of digital shape memory polymers[J]. Scientific Reports,2016,6:24224.
[38] WU H,CHEN P,YAN C,et al. Four-dimensional printing of a novel acrylate-based shape memory polymer using digital light processing[J]. Materials & Design,2019,171:107704.
[39] WEI H,ZHANG Q,YAO Y,et al. Direct-write fabrication of 4D active shape-changing structures based on a shape memory polymer and its nanocomposite[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2017,9(1):876-883.
[40] ZE Q,KUANG X,WU S,et al. Magnetic shape memory polymers with integrated multifunctional shape manipulation[J]. Advanced Materials,2020,32(4):1906657.
[41] WALES D J,CAO Q,KASTNER K,et al. 3D-printable photochromic molecular materials for reversible information storage[J]. Advanced Materials,2018,30(26):1800159.
[42] 陈花玲,罗斌,朱子才,等. 4D打印-智能材料与结构增材制造技术研究进展[J]. 西安交通大学学报,2018(12):1-12. CHEN Hualing,LUO Bin,ZHU Zicai,et al. Research progress of 4D printing-smart materials and structural additive manufacturing technology[J]. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University,2018(12):1-12.
[43] SAEDI S,MOGHADDAM N S,AMERINATANZI A,et al. On the effects of SLM process parameters on microstructure and thermomechanical response of Ni-rich NiTi SMAs[J]. Acta Materialia,2017:S1359645417309394.
[44] SAEDI S,TURABI A S,ANDANI M T,et al. The influence of heat treatment on the thermomechanical response of Ni-rich NiTi alloys manufactured by selective laser melting[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2016,677:204-210.
[45] MARATTUKALAM J J,BALLA V K,DAS M,et al. Effect of heat treatment on microstructure,corrosion,and shape memory characteristics of laser deposited NiTi alloy[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2018,744:337-346.
[46] MAZZER E M,KIMINAMI C S,GARGARELLA P,et al. Atomization and selective laser melting of a Cu-Al-Ni-Mn shape memory alloy[C]// Materials Science Forum. Trans Tech Publications Ltd,2014,802:343-348.
[47] GUSTMANN T, SCHWAB H, KÜHN U, et al. Process optimization, microstructures and mechanical properties of a Cu-based shape memory alloy fabricated by selective laser melting[J]. Materials and Design,2018,153:129-138.
[48] TIAN J,ZHU W,WEI Q,et al. Process optimization,microstructures and mechanical properties of a Cu-based shape memory alloy fabricated by selective laser melting[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2019,785:754-764.
[49] LIU G,ZHAO Y,WU G,et al. Origami and 4D printing of elastomer-derived ceramic structures[J]. Science Advances,2018,4(8):eaat0641.
[50] SYDNEY G A,MATSUMOTO E A,NUZZO R G,et al. Biomimetic 4D printing[J]. Nature Materials,2016,15(4):413-418.
[51] MA J,FRANCO B,TAPIA G,et al. Spatial control of functional response in 4D-printed active metallic structures[J]. Scientific Reports,2017,7:46707.
[52] AU A K,BHATTACHARJEE N,HOROWITZ L F,et al. 3D-printed microfluidic automation[J]. Lab on a CHIP,2015,15(8):1934-1941.
[53] MIAO S,ZHU W,CASTRO N J,et al. 4D printing smart biomedical scaffolds with novel soybean oil epoxidized acrylate[J]. Scientific Reports,2016,6:27226.
[54] ZHANG Q,ZHANG K,HU G. Smart three-dimensional lightweight structure triggered from a thin composite sheet via 3D printing technique[J]. Scientific Reports,2016,6:22431.
[55] GE Q,SAKHAEI A H,LEE H,et al. Multimaterial 4D printing with tailorable shape memory polymers[J]. Scientific Reports,2016,6:31110.
[56] GUSTMANN T,NEVES A,KÜHN U,et al. Influence of processing parameters on the fabrication of a Cu-Al-Ni-Mn shape-memory alloy by selective laser melting[J]. Additive Manufacturing,2016,11:23-31.
[57] IMAI K,IKESHOJI T T,NAKAMURA K,et al. Fabrication of Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloy by selective laser melting process[C]// Materials Science Forum. Trans Tech Publications Ltd,2018,941:1570-1573.
[58] FOSTER B K,REUTZEL E W,NASSAR A R,et al. Optical,layerwise monitoring of powder bed fusion[C]//Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium,Austin,TX,Aug. 2015:10-12.
[59] CRAEGHS T,BECHMANN F,BERUMEN S,et al. Feedback control of layerwise laser melting using optical sensors[J]. Physics Procedia,2010,5:505-514.
[60] CLIJSTERS S,CRAEGHS T,BULS S,et al. In situ quality control of the selective laser melting process using a high-speed,real-time melt pool monitoring system[J]. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2014,75(5-8):1089-1101.
[61] CHENG B,PRICE S,LYDON J,et al. On process temperature in powder-bed electron beam additive manufacturing:model development and validation[J]. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,2014,136(6):061018.
[62] LI Z,XINGJIAN L,SHIFENG W,et al. Insitu-3D monitoring of geometric signatures in the powder-bed-fusion additive manufacturing process via vision sensing methods[J]. Sensors,2018,18(4):1180.