Abstract: To address the urgent need for sustainable energy, a novel ubiquitous moisture energy generation（MEG） device was developed based on the theory of ion concentration gradient energy harvesting. The device selected hydroxylated carbon nanotubes as the power-generating functional material and employed a triple asymmetric physicochemical structure comprising interface, gradient, and electrodes（liquid metal-silver） to effectively enhance ion diffusion and concentration gradient. By utilizing multi-physics simulation, the dynamic physical processes within the device were studied, and the critical impact of ion concentration gradients on power generation efficiency was quantified. The new MEG device prototype was fabricated by integrating processes such as mechanical liquid metal coating and localized plasma surface treatment. Characterization tests, including morphology and composition analysis, confirmed that the power-generating microstructure interfaces were stable, and the preparation process can effectively enhance the functional group distribution. At 80% relative humidity, the MEG device achieved an open-circuit voltage of 1.1 V, a short-circuit current of 260 μA, and a volumetric power density of up to 166.7 μW/cm³. The use of parallel/series modes can meet the charging needs of most wearable electronic devices. The devices were able to maintain stable power output even after mechanical deformations such as twisting, stretching, and bending. It provided stable power supply for nearly 3 hours and can be scalable as needed. Additionally, using juice as test sample, the concept of the “energy supply-sensing” integrated dual-function MEG device was validated. This approach is an important complement to traditional power generation and sensor technologies with broad application prospects in multiple fields including smart healthcare, exoskeleton robotics, environmental and food safety monitoring.

Key words: moisture energy generation, energy supply-sensing integrated dual-function device, wearable soft device