Controllable Structure Design and 3D Printing of Broadband High-efficiency Wave-transparent Metamaterials

doi:10.3901/JME.2025.19.420

Abstract

Abstract: As a multi-functional composite structure that integrates wave transmission, load bearing and temperature resistance, wave-transmitting material and structure play an important role in radar radome, stealth skin and 5G communication components. A method for the preparation of glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic polyether ether ketone (PEEK) polymer wave-permeable 3D printing filament is proposed. The mechanical and wave-permeable properties of the PEEK-based filament are analyzed, and the effects of varying glass fiber content on these properties are investigated. Optimal material processing parameters are determined to achieve high-efficiency wave-permeable performance. Leveraging the advantages of fused deposition modeling 3D printing, a honeycomb sandwich wave-transmitting metamaterial structure is designed and fabricated for composite materials. The electromagnetic test results indicate that the wave transmittance of the designed metamaterial achieves 94.36% and 94.62% in the frequency range of 2-18 GHz in TE and TM mode, respectively. The method of high efficiency transparent printing wire controllable manufacturing and transparent metamaterial controllable design and manufacturing provide effective support for the realization of stealth radome and stealth skin.

Key words: broadband, wave- transparent, metamaterial, controllable design, 3D printing

CLC Number:

TH164

REN Aoqi, LIANG Qingxuan, ZHANG Tongtong, BAI Jincang, LI Dichen. Controllable Structure Design and 3D Printing of Broadband High-efficiency Wave-transparent Metamaterials[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2025, 61(19): 420-429.

Add to citation manager EndNote|Reference Manager|ProCite|BibTeX|RefWorks

URL: http://www.cjmenet.com.cn/EN/10.3901/JME.2025.19.420

http://www.cjmenet.com.cn/EN/Y2025/V61/I19/420

References

[1] LIU X，ZHANG Q，SUN Y F，et al. A high power stealthy radome based on frequency selective surface for radar cross section reduction[C]//2024 Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS). Chengdu，China: IEEE，2024：1-4.
[2] SALIHA FIDAN Ş，ÜNAL R. A survey on ceramic radome failure types and the importance of defect determination[J]. Engineering Failure Analysis，2023，149：107234.
[3] SUMANTYO J T S. Development of radome for circularly polarized synthetic aperture radar[C]//IGARSS 2022- 2022 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Kuala Lumpur，Malaysia：IEEE，2022：4518-4521.
[4] ZHANG K，LIN Q，YU J，et al. Structural design and simulation calculation of air traffic control radar radome[C]//2023 IEEE 7th Information Technology and Mechatronics Engineering Conference (ITOEC). Chongqing，China：IEEE，2023：1294-1297.
[5] LEE J，KWEUN M，LEE W，et al. Perfect transmission of elastic waves obliquely incident at solid–solid interfaces[J]. Extreme Mechanics Letters，2022，51：101606.
[6] CHAO C P，CUI T，YANG C F，et al. A method for improving the detection range of the 60-GHz radar with a metamaterial radome[J]. IEEE Transactions on Radar Systems，2023，1：719-728.
[7] GU J，LI Y，LIANG C，et al. Synchronously improved dielectric and mechanical properties of wave-transparent laminated composites combined with outstanding thermal stability by incorporating iysozyme/POSS functionalized PBO fibers[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry C，2018，6：7652-7660.
[8] TANG L. Preparation and properties of cyanate-based wave-transparent laminated composites reinforced by dopamine/POSS functionalized Kevlar cloth[J]. Composites Science and Technology，2019，169：120-126.
[9] ZOU J，ZHONG H，YE L，et al. Single layer frequency selective surface with three transmission bands[C]//2022 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (AP-S/URSI). Denver，CO，USA：IEEE，2022：1262-1263.
[10] SHAO L，ZHANG D，LIU J，et al. Single-layer noninterleaved metasurface for arbitrary vector beam conversion in triple bands[J]. ACS Applied Electronic Materials，2022，4(1)：443-451.
[11] CORREDORES Y，BESNIER P，CASTEL X，et al. Adjustment of shielding effectiveness，optical transmission，and sheet resistance of conducting films deposited on glass substrates[J]. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility，2017，59(4)：1070-1078.
[12] SHAO L，LI Z，ZHANG Z，et al. Multi‐channel metasurface for versatile wavefront and polarization manipulation[J]. Advanced Materials Technologies，2022，7(12)：2200524.
[13] TANG L，YANG Z，TANG Y，et al. Facile functionalization strategy of PBO fibres for synchronous improving the mechanical and wave-transparent properties of the PBO fibres/cyanate ester laminated composites[J]. Composites Part A：Applied Science and Manufacturing，2021，150：106622.
[14] LIU Z，ZHANG J，TANG Y，et al. Optimization of PBO fibers/cyanate ester wave-transparent laminated composites via incorporation of a fluoride-containing linear interfacial compatibilizer[J]. Composites Science and Technology，2021，210：108838.
[15] ZHAO Y，XIA Y，LI Y，et al. A frequency selective rasorber with wide transmission band[C]//2019 International Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Symposium - China (ACES). Nanjing，China：IEEE，2019：1-2.
[16] ZHANG X，LIU J，LI Z，et al. Study on Design of steeply dropped wide passband frequency selective surface operating in X-band[C]//2023 International Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Symposium (ACES-China). Hangzhou，China：IEEE，2023：1-2.
[17] COSTA F，MONORCHIO A. A frequency selective radome with wideband absorbing properties[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation，2012，60(6)：2740-2747.
[18] SHAO L，LI Z，FENG J，et al. Transmissive metasurface for multi-channel and full-polarization modulation of electromagnetic wavefronts[J]. Photonics Research，2023，11(2)：245.
[19] ZHAO Z，LIU H，DONG L，et al. The investigation of a portable solar telescope with a high gain metamaterial antenna for F10.7 radio flux measurement[J]. Review of Scientific Instruments，2023，94(7)：074708.
[20] NAZIR A，GOKCEKAYA O，MD MASUM BILLAH K，et al. Multi-material additive manufacturing：A systematic review of design，properties，applications，challenges，and 3D printing of materials and cellular metamaterials[J]. Materials & Design，2023，226：111661.
[21] YU W，PENG P，HU W，et al. Mode conversions for elastic waves transmitted and reflected by ultrathin elastic metamaterial plates with anisotropic resonances[J]. Applied Physics Express，2023，16(1)：017001.
[22] FAN J，JIN S，GUAN F，et al. Research on broadband microwave electromagnetic antireflection effect based on angle-insensitive electromagnetically induced transparent metamaterials[C]//Seventh Asia Pacific Conference on Optics Manufacture and 2021 International Forum of Young Scientists on Advanced Optical Manufacturing (APCOM and YSAOM 2021). Hong Kong，Hong Kong：SPIE，2022：127.
[23] QIN L，YU C，EN L，et al. Study on dielectric properties of electromagnetic wave oblique incidence on sandwich hole‐core structure wave‐transmitting materials[J]. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters，2023，65(8)：2189-2195.
[24] OMAR BALDERRAMA-ARMENDARIZ C，ARACELY MALDONADO-MACIAS A，MACDONALD E，et al. Square nozzle to improve mechanical performance and density in fused filament fabrication additive manufacturing[J]. Manufacturing Letters，2024，40：179-184.
[25] PADHY C，SURYAKUMAR S，BHATTACHARJEE D，et al. Parametric analysis of 3D printing (FDM) process parameters on mechanical behaviour of PEEK - A high-grade polymer[C]//International Seminar on Chemical Engineering Soehadi Reksowardojo (Stksr) 2022. Ambon，Indonesia，2024：030008.
[26] ZHARYLKASSYN B，PERVEEN A，TALAMONA D. Effect of process parameters and materials on the dimensional accuracy of FDM parts[J]. Materials Today：Proceedings，2021，44：1307-1311.
[27] FENG L，ZHEN Y，XIAOYU P. High angle stability frequency selective surface design and simulation[C]//20236th World Conference on Computing and Communication Technologies (WCCCT). Chengdu，China：IEEE，2023：57-60.
[28] BAI X，ZHANG F，SUN L，et al. Time-modulated transmissive programmable metasurface for low sidelobe beam scanning[J]. Research，2022，2022：9825903.
[29] YADAV S，JAIN C P，SHARMA M M. Polarization independent dual-bandpass frequency selective surface for Wi-Max applications[J]. International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering，2018，28(6)：e21278.
[30] YIN J，MA W，GAO Z，et al. A review of electromagnetic shielding fabric，wave-absorbing fabric and wave- transparent fabric[J]. Polymers，2022，14(3)：377.