高温高速气膜浮环密封恒间隙设计与泄漏分析

doi:10.3901/JME.260420

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 气膜浮环密封在高温高速工况下间隙变化大，难以满足低泄漏要求，且严重影响浮动环的密封性能和稳定性。针对某发动机轴承腔密封，提出全工况“恒间隙”气膜浮环密封结构设计方法，以及考虑间隙偏心工况下不同膜厚压力损失的高精度泄漏分析方法。建立流固热耦合数值分析模型，讨论浮动环结构、镶装环与跑道材料组合对密封间隙随转速、温度变化的综合影响，分析其泄漏特性，并通过浮环密封运转试验验证“恒间隙”浮环密封的性能和数值分析模型的准确性。研究结果表明，镶装环与跑道材料组合，以及镶装环外径、厚度是影响密封间隙随温度、转速变化的主要因素，石墨环外径过盈量仅影响密封初始间隙和脱镶温度；经过合理的优化设计与选材，在高温、高速工况下恒间隙气膜浮环密封相比普通浮环间隙波动可降低90%；工作间隙是影响密封性能的主要因素，恒间隙设计下泄漏速率与压差、出口压力近似成正比，与温度近似成反比，转速影响偏心率造成泄漏速率波动。研究结果为实现高温、高速工况下气膜浮环密封的高稳定、长寿命、低泄漏运行提供可靠理论基础。

关键词: 恒间隙, 结构设计, 材料匹配, 压力损失, 泄漏特性

Abstract: Under high-temperature and high-speed conditions, the air film floating ring seal experiences a significant change in clearance size. This change makes it difficult to meet low leakage requirements and seriously affects the seal’s performance and stability. Aiming to seal a bearing cavity in an engine, a design method for a“constant clearance”air film floating ring seal structure that is suitable for all working conditions is proposed. Furthermore, a high-precision method for calculating leakage, considering pressure loss with various film thicknesses under clearance eccentricity conditions, is also being explored. A numerical analysis model of fluid-solid-thermal coupling is established to discuss the comprehensive influence of the floating ring structure, mounted ring, and rotor material combination on the sealing clearance with changes in rotational speed and temperature. The model aims to analyze the leakage characteristics and utilize operational tests of the floating ring seal to verify the performance of the seal with a "constant clearance" and the accuracy of the numerical analysis model. The results indicate that the combination of the mounted ring and rotor material, along with the outer diameter and thickness of the mounted ring, are the most significant factors influencing the seal clearance under varying temperatures and speeds. The level of interference in the outer diameter of the graphite ring only impacts the initial seal clearance and the temperature at which failure occurs. After a thorough optimization of design and material selection, the constant-clearance air film floating ring seal can reduce clearance fluctuation by 90% compared to the ordinary floating ring under high-temperature and high-speed working conditions. The working clearance is the primary factor that affects the sealing performance. The leakage rate of a constant clearance air film floating ring seal is approximately proportional to the differential pressure and outlet pressure, and inversely proportional to the temperature. The rotational speed affects the eccentricity, which, in turn, causes fluctuations in the leakage rate. The conclusions of the study provide a dependable theoretical foundation for achieving high stability, long lifespan, and low leakage operation of air film floating ring seals under high-temperature and high-speed working conditions.

Key words: constant clearance, structural design, material selection, pressure loss, leakage characteristics

中图分类号:

TH113
TH117

朱书海, 李双喜, 马润梅, 张书尧. 高温高速气膜浮环密封恒间隙设计与泄漏分析[J]. 机械工程学报, 2026, 62(9): 281-290.

ZHU Shuhai, LI Shuangxi, MA Runmei, ZHANG Shuyao. High-temperature and High-speed Air Film Floating Ring Seal Constant Clearance Design and Leakage Analysis[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2026, 62(9): 281-290.

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http://www.cjmenet.com.cn/CN/Y2026/V62/I9/281

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