地铁构架垂向载荷与振动加速度特征关系研究

doi:10.3901/JME.2024.14.252

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 地铁构架承受多源载荷引起构架损伤，台架试验评估损伤需要获得构架真实服役载荷，采用测力构架法识别构架真实服役载荷目前已经取得阶段性进展。但是，测力构架法较为复杂，需要大量前期准备工作，如确定载荷识别点、粘贴应变计、标定桥路系数以及封装测力构架等。实际上，构架承受的载荷与其振动加速度密切相关。以某型地铁构架为研究对象，通过实际线路测试垂向载荷和振动加速度，对比分析两种信号的时频域相关性、特征值分布规律以及谱相似性等，建立构架垂向载荷与振动加速度之间的谱关系，基于等损伤原则验证通过振动加速度建立垂向载荷谱的有效性。研究结果表明，不同服役环境下，两类信号时频域振动趋势基本一致，在构架自振频率和低阶弹性模态频率处振动反馈一致，时域内呈强相关，主频范围内高度相干。两类信号值分布范围大致相同且概率密度分布曲线峰部形态具有高度一致性。在两类信号谱形状高度相似的前提下，引入幅值放大系数和谱长度变异系数建立谱关系，以此获得的等效载荷与实测等效载荷的比值介于1.06～1.25，满足构架疲劳评估要求。研究工作对地铁构架载荷谱建立具有重要的工程意义。

关键词: 地铁构架, 载荷, 加速度, 谱关系, 等效载荷

Abstract: Metro vehicle frames are subjected to multi-source loads which cause frame damage. To assess frame damage through bench tests, frame loads closely related to vehicle operating conditions are required, and the force-measuring frame method has been applied to identify vehicle frame loads on actual routes. However, the force-measuring frame method is more complicated and requires a lot of preparatory work, such as determining the load identification point, pasting the strain gauge, calibrating the bridge coefficient, and packaging the force-measuring frame. In fact, the load on the frame is closely related to its vibration acceleration. As the research object, a metro vehicle frame is used for a line test in which the vertical load and vibration acceleration signals are measured over time. The time-domain correlation, frequency-domain coherence, eigenvalue distribution, and spectral similarity of the two types of signals are compared and analyzed. The spectral relationship between vertical load and vibration acceleration of the frame is established. The effectiveness of the vertical load spectrum established by vibration acceleration is verified based on the principle of equal damage. The results show that the vibration trends in the time and frequency domains of the two types of signals are the same under different service environments, with consistent vibration feedback at the frame self-oscillation frequency and low-order elastic modal frequency, a strong correlation in the time domain, and high coherence in the main frequency range. The distribution ranges of the two signals are approximately the same. The peaks of the probability density distribution curves have high consistency. On the premise that the shapes of the two types of signal spectra are highly similar, the amplification coefficient and the spectral length variation coefficient are introduced to establish the spectral relationship, so that the ratio of the equivalent load to the measured equivalent load is between 1.06 and 1.25, which meets the reliability requirements of the fatigue assessment of the frame. These findings have important engineering significance for the establishment of the metro vehicle frame load spectrum.

Key words: metro vehicle frame, force load, vibration acceleration, spectral relationship, equivalent load

中图分类号:

U270

吴养民, 任尊松, 李俊杰, 杨广雪, 董磊, 陈晓峰. 地铁构架垂向载荷与振动加速度特征关系研究[J]. 机械工程学报, 2024, 60(14): 252-262.

WU Yangmin, REN Zunsong, LI Junjie, YANG Guangxue, DONG Lei, CHEN Xiaofeng. Research on the Relation between Vertical Load and Vibration Acceleration Characteristics of Metro Bogie Frame[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2024, 60(14): 252-262.

参考文献

[1] 刘思宏，马斌捷，胡鹏翔，等. 运载火箭飞行载荷测量与分析[J]. 导弹与航天运载技术，2020(1)：107-111. LIU Sihong，MA Binjie，HU Pengxiang，et al. Launch vehicle in-flight loads measurement and analysis[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles，2020(1)：107-111.
[2] 林家浩，张亚辉，赵岩. 虚拟激励法在国内外工程界的应用回顾与展望[J]. 应用数学和力学，2017，38(1)：1-32. LIN Jiahao，ZHANG Yahui，ZHAO Yan. Review and prospect of application of pseudo-excitation method in engineering field at home and abroad[J]. Applied Mathematics and Mechanics，2017，38(1)：1-32.
[3] 智浩，文祥荣，缪龙秀，等. 动态载荷的频域识别方法[J]. 北方交通大学学报，2000，24(4)：5-10. ZHI Hao，WEN Xiangrong，MIAO Longxiu，et al. Dynamic loading identification in frequency domain[J]. Journal of Northern Jiaotong University，2000，24(4)：5-10.
[4] 周盼，张权，率志君，等. 动载荷识别时域方法的研究现状与发展趋势[J]. 噪声与振动控制，2014，34(1)：6-11. ZHOU Pan，ZHANG Quan，SHUAI Zhijun，et al. Review of research and development status of dynamic load identification in time domain[J]. Noise and Vibration Control，2014，34(1)：6-11.
[5] 蔡元奇. 时域内动态载荷识别理论及实施技术研究[D]. 武汉：武汉大学，2004. CAI Yuanqi. Theory and applying technique study on identification method for dynamic loads in time domain[D]. Wuhan：Wuhan University，2004.
[6] 杨帆，张方. 基于小波级数分解法的动载荷识别研究[J]. 清华大学学报(自然科学版)，2013，53(8)：1166-1171. YANG Fan，ZHANG Fang. Identification of dynamic force based on wavelet series decomposition[J]. Journal of the Tsinghua University (Science and Technology)，2013，53(8)：1166-1171.
[7] 陈树海，郭安丰，吴邵庆，等. 基于BP神经网络的星箭界面动载荷识别[J]. 振动与冲击，2023，42(5)：279-286，304. CHEN Shuhai，GUO Anfeng，WU Shaoqing，et al. Dynamic load identification of satellite-rocket interface based on BP neural network[J]. Journal of Vibration and Shock，2023，42(5)：279-286，304.
[8] ZOU Hua，SUN Shouguang，LI Qiang，et al. Analysis of the load-stress response characteristics of the bogie frame in intercity electric multiple unit[J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering，2018，31(2)：227-237.
[9] 邹骅，吴奇峰，孙守光. 基于损伤一致性的动车组转向架载荷实验谱研究[J]. 力学学报，2021，53(1)：115-125. ZOU Hua, WU Qifeng, SUN Shouguang. Research on load test spectrum of EMU car bogies based on damage consistency[J]. Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 2021, 53(1)：115-125.
[10] 任尊松，曹杰，李玉怡，等. 高速动车组构架载荷特征研究[J]. 工程力学，2021，38(2)：242-256. REN Zunsong，CAO Jie，LI Yuyi，et al. The load characteristics of the bogieframe of high-speed EMUs[J]. Engineering Mechanics，2021，38(2)：242-256.
[11] 李俊杰，任尊松，吴养民. 基于相关分析的高速列车构架载荷相位重构方法[J]. 机械工程学报，2023，59(16)：361-369. LI Junjie，REN Zunsong，WU Yangmin. Phase reconstruction method of high-speed train frame load based on correlation analysis[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering，2023，59(16)：361-369.
[12] 姬程翔，孙守光，杨广雪，等. 高速列车转向架构架扭转载荷特征研究[J]. 机械工程学报，2021，57(2)：147-157. JI Chengxiang，SUN Shouguang，YANG Guangxue，et al. Study on torsional load characteristics of high-speed train bogie frame[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering，2021，57(2)：147-157.
[13] JI Chengxiang，SUN Shouguang，LI Qiang，et al. A novel method for the general application of measured load spectra to different high-speed train bogie frames based on virtual track irregularity[J]. Measurement，2022，198：111369.
[14] YUAN Zheng，CHEN Xianjia，MA Lijun，et al. A segmented load spectrum model for high-speed trains and its inflection stress as an indicator for line quality[J]. International Journal of Fatigue，2021，148：106221.
[15] YUAN Zheng，CHEN Xianjia，LI Cen，et al. The influence of operation variables on stress spectrum of high-speed train bogie frames[J]. Vehicle System Dynamics，2022，61(2)：499-512.
[16] WANG Binjie，LI Qiang，REN Zunsong，et al. Improving the fatigue reliability of metro vehicle bogie frame based on load spectrum[J]. International Journal of Fatigue，2020，132：105389.
[17] MA Shuang，SUN Shouguang，WANG Binjie，et al. Estimating load spectra probability distributions of train bogie frames by the diffusion-based kernel density method[J]. International Journal of Fatigue，2020，132：105352.
[18] 李俊杰，任尊松，吴养民，等. 高速列车构架载荷解耦降维标定方法及试验验证[J]. 中南大学学报(自然科学版)，2022，53(5)：1730-1739. LI Junjie，REN Zunsong，WU Yangmin，et al. Decoupling and dimension reduction calibration method for bogie frame loads of high speed train and test verification[J]. Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology)，2022，53(5)：1730-1739.
[19] 曾京，邬平波，郝建华. 铁道客车系统的垂向减振分析[J]. 中国铁道科学，2006，27(3)：62-67. ZENG Jing，WU Pingbo，HAO Jianhua，et al. Analysis of vertical vibration reduction for railway vehicle systems[J]. China Railway Science，2006，27(3)：62-67.
[20] 李飞. 基于地铁车辆结构动力学的转向架构架振动疲劳研究[D]. 成都：西南交通大学，2021. LI Fei. Study on vibration fatigue of bogie frame based on metro vehicle structural dynamics[D]. Chengdu：Southwest Jiaotong University，2021.
[21] LY A，MARSMAN M，WAGENMAKERS E J. Analytic posteriors for Pearson’s correlation coefficient[J]. Statistica Neerlandica，2018，72(1)：4-13.
[22] 卢文祥，杜润生. 机械工程测试信息信号分析[M]. 武汉：华中科技大学出版社，2014. LU Wenxiang，DU Runsheng. Measurement information signal analysis in mechanical engineering[M]. Wuhan：Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press，2014.
[23] 徐飞，李传日，姜同敏，等. 非高斯随机振动的模拟方法[J]. 北京航空航天大学学报，2014，40(9)：1239-1244. XU Fei，LI Chuanri，JIANG Tongmin，et al. Simulation of non-Gaussian random vibration[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics Astronautics，2014，40(9)：1239-1244.
[24] 王春山，王曦，杨广雪，等. 铁路货车载荷谱及其应用[M]. 北京：中国铁道出版社，2018. WANG Chunshan，WANG Xi，YANG Guangxue，et al. Railway freight train load spectrum and its applications[M]. Beijing：China Railway Publishing House，2018.
[25] FACCHINETTI M L. Fatigue damage of materials and structures assessed by Wöhler and Gassner frameworks：Recent insights about load spectra for the automotive[J]. Procedia Engineering，2018，213：117-125.
[26] HEULER P，KLAETSCHKE H. Generation and use of standardised load spectra and load-time histories[J]. International Journal of Fatigue，2005，27(8)：974-990.