中等强度沙尘暴环境下钢轨硬度对轮轨滚动磨损与损伤影响

doi:10.3901/JME.2023.09.186

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为研究戈壁和沙漠中等强度沙尘暴环境下钢轨硬度对轮轨滚动磨损和损伤的影响,采用风沙环境双盘滚动接触疲劳试验机对四种不同硬度的珠光体钢轨材料进行了轮轨滚动试验。结果表明,戈壁和沙漠中等强度沙尘暴环境下,随着钢轨硬度增加,平均黏着系数均无显著变化,车轮磨损率均先减小后增加,但钢轨磨损率在戈壁和沙漠中等强度沙尘暴环境下分别呈下降和上升趋势;这两种中等强度沙尘暴环境下,车轮的磨损机制主要为氧化磨损和疲劳磨损,且车轮氧化磨损随着钢轨硬度的增加而逐渐加剧,而钢轨的磨损机制主要为疲劳磨损;随着钢轨硬度的增加,这两种中等强度沙尘暴环境下,钢轨剖面裂纹深度总体均呈下降的趋势,表明钢轨的疲劳损伤随着钢轨硬度的增加而逐渐减轻;由于疲劳损伤对轮轨运行安全的影响比磨损更大,综合考虑钢轨材料的抗滚动磨损性能和抗滚动接触疲劳性能可以得出,高硬度的热处理钢轨更适合用于中等强度沙尘暴环境。

关键词: 钢轨硬度, 沙尘暴, 氧化, 磨损, 疲劳损伤

Abstract: In order to investigate the effect of rail hardness on rolling wear and damage of wheel and rail in the Gobi and desert moderate sandstorm environments, four types of pearlitic rail steels with different hardness are tested by a twin-disc rolling contact fatigue testing machine equipped with the windblown sand environment simulation device. The results show that in the Gobi and desert moderate sandstorm environments, with the increase in the rail hardness, there is no significant change in the average adhesion. The wear rate of wheel first decreases and then increases, whereas the wear rates of the rail in the Gobi and desert moderate sandstorm environments show a downward trend and an upward trend, respectively. In these two types of moderate sandstorm environments, the wear mechanisms of the wheel are mainly oxidative wear and fatigue wear, and the oxidative wear gradually aggravates as the rail hardness increases. The wear mechanism of the rail is mainly fatigue wear. As the rail hardness increases, the crack depth in the rail subsurface presents an overall decreasing trend in these two moderate sandstorm environments, which indicates the fatigue damage of rail gradually alleviates with the increase in rail hardness. Due to the more significant effect of fatigue damage than wear on the operation safety of wheel-rail, it can be concluded that the heat-treated rail material with high hardness is more suitable for moderate sandstorm environment by comprehensively considering the anti-rolling wear performance and anti-rolling contact fatigue performance of the rail materials.

Key words: rail hardness, sandstorm, oxidation, wear, fatigue damage

中图分类号:

TH117

舒康, 丁昊昊, 林强, 王文健, 郭俊, 刘启跃. 中等强度沙尘暴环境下钢轨硬度对轮轨滚动磨损与损伤影响[J]. 机械工程学报, 2023, 59(9): 186-197.

SHU Kang, DING Haohao, LIN Qiang, WANG Wenjian, GUO Jun, LIU Qiyue. Effect of Rail Hardness on Wheel-rail Rolling Wear and Damage under the Moderate Sandstorm Environment[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2023, 59(9): 186-197.

参考文献

[1] 张克存,屈建军,鱼燕萍,等. 中国铁路风沙防治的研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展,2019,34(6):573-583. ZHANG Kecun,QU Jianjun,YU Yanping,et al. Progress of research on wind-blown sand prevention and control of railways in China[J]. Advances in Earth Science. 2019,34(6):573-583.
[2] 徐雨晴,何吉成. 我国铁路的风沙灾害分析[J]. 中国铁路,2012(2):39-41. XU Yuqing,HE Jicheng. Analysis of wind-sand damage in Chinese railways[J]. Chinese Railways,2012(2):39-41.
[3] 吴波,伍安旭,冯畅,等. 轨道交通车辆基础制动产品防尘结构可靠性提升研究[J]. 机车车辆工艺,2019(4):6-8. WU Bo,WU Anxu,FENG Chang,et al. Improving the reliability of dustproof structure for basic braking products on rail transit vehicles[J]. Locomotive & Rolling Stock Technology,2019(4):6-8.
[4] 舒康,周亮,王文健,等. 不同钢轨材料的风沙冲蚀磨损与损伤行为研究[J]. 摩擦学学报,2022,42(1):74-84. SHU Kang,ZHOU Liang,WANG Wenjian,et al. Windblown sand erosion wear and damage behaviors of different rail steels[J]. Tribology,2022,42(1):74-84.
[5] SHU K,WANG W,MELI E,et al. Study on the influence of sand erosion process on the wear and damage of heat-treated U75V rail steel[J]. Journal of Tribology-Transactions of the ASME,2021,143(8):81703.
[6] 刘菲,祁文军,陈海霞,等. 风沙冲蚀对钢轨焊缝区的影响[J]. 热加工工艺,2016,45(5):230-233. LIU Fei,QI Wenjun,CHEN Haixia,et al. Effect of sand erosion on rail weld zone[J]. Hot Working Technology,2016,45(5):230-233.
[7] 李文涛,金阿芳,李虎,等. 强风沙对高速列车冲蚀的数值模拟研究[J]. 铁道机车车辆,2020,40(1):13-18. LI Wentao,JIN Afang,LI Hu,et al. Numerical simulation study on erosion to high-speed trains by strong sand environment[J]. Railway Locomotive & Car,2020,40(1):13-18.
[8] PAZ C,SUÁREZ E,GIL C,et al. Numerical study of the impact of windblown sand particles on a high-speed train[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,2015,145:87-93.
[9] 李田,张继业,张卫华. 中等强度沙尘暴环境环境下的高速列车运行安全分析[J]. 四川大学学报,2012,44(S2):5-8. LI Tian,ZHANG Jiye,ZHANG Weihua. Running safety analysis of a high-speed train under sandstorm environment[J]. Journal of Sichuan University,2012,44(S2):5-8.
[10] HU Y,ZHOU L,DING H H,et al. Microstructure evolution of railway pearlitic wheel steels under rolling-sliding contact loading[J]. Tribology International,2021,154:106685.
[11] BEVAN A,JAISWAL J,SMITH A,et al. Judicious selection of available rail steels to reduce life-cycle costs[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,Part F:Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit,2020,234(3):257-275.
[12] HU Y,GUO L C,MAIORINO M,et al. Comparison of wear and rolling contact fatigue behaviours of bainitic and pearlitic rails under various rolling-sliding conditions[J]. Wear,2020,460-461:203455.
[13] ZHOU Y,PENG J F,WANG W J,et al. Slippage effect on rolling contact wear and damage behavior of pearlitic steels[J]. Wear,2016,362-363:78-86.
[14] PEREZ-UNZUETA A J,BEYNON J H. Microstructure and wear resistance of pearlitic rail steels[J]. Wear,1993,162-164:173-182.
[15] HU Y,ZHOU L,DING H H,et al. Investigation on wear and rolling contact fatigue of wheel-rail materials under various wheel/rail hardness ratio and creepage conditions[J]. Tribology International,2020,143:106091.
[16] LIU J,JIANG W,CHEN S,et al. Effects of rail materials and axle loads on the wear behavior of wheel/rail steels[J]. Advances in Mechanical Engineering,2016,8(7):2071834813.
[17] WANG W,JIANG W,WANG H,et al. Experimental study on the wear and damage behavior of different wheel/rail materials[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F:Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit,2016,230(1):3-14.
[18] 刘吉华,王文健,刘启跃. 4种车轮材料与U71Mn热轧钢轨匹配特性[J]. 西南交通大学学报,2015,50(6):1130-1136. LIU Jihua,WANG Wenjian,LIU Qiyue. Matching characteristics between four kinds of wheel steels and U71Mn hot-rolled rail[J]. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University,2015,50(6):1130-1136.
[19] 丁昊昊,付志凯,郭火明,等. 三种钢轨材料与车轮匹配时滚动磨损与损伤行为[J]. 摩擦学学报,2014,34(3):233-239. DING Haohao,FU Zhikai,GUO Huoming,et al. Rolling wear and damage behaviors between three kinds of rail materials and wheel material[J]. Tribology,2014,34(3):233-239.
[20] 王文健,刘启跃,朱旻昊. 轮轨材料硬度匹配性能试验研究[J]. 摩擦学学报,2013,33(1):65-69. WANG Wenjian,LIU Qiyue,ZHU Minhao. Hardness matching behavior of wheel/rail materials[J]. Tribology,2013,33(1):65-69.
[21] MARKOV D. Laboratory tests for wear of rail and wheel steels[J]. Wear,1995,181:678-686.
[22] LEWIS R,CHRISTOFOROU P,WANG W J,et al. Investigation of the influence of rail hardness on the wear of rail and wheel materials under dry conditions[J]. Wear,2019,430-431:383-392.
[23] SEO J,KWON S,JUN H,et al. Effects of wheel materials on wear and fatigue damage behaviors of wheels/rails[J]. Tribology transactions,2019,62(4):635-649.
[24] OKAGATA Y. Design technologies for railway wheels and future prospects[J]. Nippon steel & Sumitomo metal technical report,2013,105(105):26-33.
[25] HU Y,WATSON M,MAIORINO M,et al. Experimental study on wear properties of wheel and rail materials with different hardness values[J]. Wear,2021,477:203831.
[26] RAZHKOVSKIY A A,BUNKOVA T G,PETRAKOVA A G,et al. Optimization of hardness ratio in rail-wheel friction pair[J]. Journal of Friction and Wear,2015,36(4):334-341.
[27] STEELE R,REIFF R. Rail:Its behavior and relationship to total system wear[C]//Proceedings of the 2nd Heavy Haul Conference,1981,Pueblo. Pueblo:Federal Railroad Administration,1981:115-164.
[28] WOODHEAD D H. Investigating the performance of rail steels[J]. Fields:Journal of Huddersfield Student Research,2021,7(1):1-15.
[29] LI X C,DING H H,WANG W J,et al. Investigation on the relationship between microstructure and wear characteristic of rail materials[J]. Tribology International,2021,163:107152.
[30] STOCK R,EADIE D,OLDKNOW K. Rail grade selection and friction management:a combined approach for optimising rail-wheel contact[J]. Ironmaking & Steelmaking,2013,40(2):108-114.
[31] ZHONG W,HU J J,SHEN P,et al. Experimental investigation between rolling contact fatigue and wear of high-speed and heavy-haul railway and selection of rail material[J]. Wear,2011,271(9-10):2485-2493.
[32] STOCK R,PIPPAN R. RCF and wear in theory and practice-The influence of rail grade on wear and RCF[J]. Wear,2011,271(1-2):125-133.
[33] 王延朋,丁昊昊,邹强,等. 列车车轮踏面滚动接触疲劳研究进展[J]. 表面技术,2020,49(5):120-128. WANG Yanpeng,DING Haohao,ZOU Qiang,et al. Research progress on rolling contact fatigue of railway wheel treads[J]. Surface Technology,2020,49(5):120-128.
[34] ZHANG S Y,SPIRYAGIN M,DING H H,et al. Rail rolling contact fatigue formation and evolution with surface defects[J]. International Journal of Fatigue,2022,158:106762.
[35] ZHANG S,SPIRYAGIN M,LIN Q,et al. Study on wear and rolling contact fatigue behaviours of defective rail under different slip ratio and contact stress conditions[J]. Tribology International,2022,169:107491.
[36] LIU X,DONG Z. Experimental investigation of the concentration profile of a blowing sand cloud[J]. Geomorphology,2004,60(3-4):371-381.
[37] SHI L,WANG D,LI K. Windblown sand characteristics and hazard control measures for the Lanzhou-Wulumuqi high-speed railway[J]. Natural Hazards,2020,104(1):353-374.
[38] YAO Z,XIAO J,JIANG F. Characteristics of daily extreme-wind gusts along the Lanxin Railway in Xinjiang, China[J]. Aeolian Research,2012,6:31-40.
[39] 赵明,詹科杰,杨自辉,等. 民勤沙漠-绿洲低空中等强度沙尘暴环境结构特征研究[J]. 中国科学:地球科学,2011,41(2):234-242. ZHAO Ming,ZHAN Kejie,YANG Zihui,et al. Characteristics of the lower layer of sandstorms in the Minqin desert-oasis zone. Science China-Earth Sciences,2011,41(2):234-242.
[40] 冯鑫媛,王式功,程一帆,等. 中国北方中西部中等强度沙尘暴环境气候特征[J]. 中国沙漠,2010,30(2):394-399. FENG Xinyuan,WANG Shigong,CHENG Yifan,et al. Climatic characteristics of dust storms in the middle and west of northern China. Journal of Desert Research, 2010,30(2):394-399.
[41] SHU K,DING H H,MAZZÙ A,et al. Effect of dynamic windblown sand environments on the wear and damage of wheel-rail under different slip ratios[J]. Wear,2022,500-501:204349.
[42] LI X X,ZHOU Y,JI X L,et al. Effects of sliding velocity on tribo-oxides and wear behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy[J]. Tribology international,2015,91:228-234.
[43] CHEN H,ZHANG C,LIU W,et al. Microstructure evolution of a hypereutectoid pearlite steel under rolling-sliding contact loading[J]. Materials Science & Engineering A, Structural Materials:Properties,Microstructure and Processing,2016,655:50-59.
[44] LEWIS R,DWYER-JOYCE R S. Wear mechanisms and transitions in railway wheel steels[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part J,Journal of Engineering Tribology, 2005,218(6):467-478.
[45] MAZZÙ A,GHIDINI A,ZANI N,et al. A simplified numerical study of wheel/rail material coupling in presence of solid contaminants[J]. Tribology-Materials, Surfaces & Interfaces,2021,15(2):102-114.
[46] DING H,MU X,ZHU Y,et al. Effect of laser claddings of Fe-based alloy powder with different concentrations of WS2 on the mechanical and tribological properties of railway wheel[J]. Wear,2022,488-489:204174.
[47] DOMMARCO R C,SALVANDE J D. Contact fatigue resistance of austempered and partially chilled ductile irons[J]. Wear,2003,254(3-4):230-236.
[48] POINTNER P. High strength rail steels-The importance of material properties in contact mechanics problems[J]. Wear,2008,265(9-10):1373-1379.