镁合金与钢异质材料焊接的研究进展

doi:10.3901/JME.2020.08.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 镁合金是最轻的金属类工程结构材料，钢仍是目前应用最广泛的金属材料，镁合金与钢形成结构件能够充分发挥材料“物尽其用”的优势，在航空航天、汽车等领域具有广阔的应用前景。镁与钢不仅物理和化学性能差异巨大，而且两者属于典型的不反应难固溶异质材料，实现镁合金与钢高性能连接是焊接领域研究热点及面临的极大挑战。基于此，详细总结与分析了国内外镁合金/钢焊接结合模式、焊接方法、焊接接头组织及力学性能等方面的研究进展，并阐述了镁合金/钢异质材料焊接接头界面错配研究现状。最后，结合现有研究进展和应用需求，提出镁合金/钢异质材料焊接未来可能的研究方向，旨在为后续研究提供参考与借鉴。

关键词: 镁合金, 钢, 焊接方法, 力学性能, 界面组织

Abstract: Magnesium alloy is the lightest metal engineering structural material. Steel is still the most widely used metal material at present. The structural parts formed by magnesium alloy and steel can give full play to the advantages of the material and have broad application prospects in aerospace, automotive and other fields. Magnesium and iron not only have great differences in physical and chemical properties, but also are typical non-reactive hard-dissolving dissimilar materials. The high-performance welding of magnesium alloy and steel is still a hot topic and a great challenge in the field of welding. Based on this, the research progress of the welding method, interface structure and mechanical properties of magnesium alloy/steel joints at home and abroad is summarized and analyzed and their research status of interface mismatch is described. Finally, in order to provide reference for subsequent research, the possible future research directions of magnesium alloy/steel dissimilar materials welding are proposed combined with the existing research progress and application requirements.

Key words: magnesium alloy, steel, welding method, mechanical properties, interface structure

中图分类号:

TG406

宋刚, 赵爽, 李涛涛, 刘黎明. 镁合金与钢异质材料焊接的研究进展[J]. 机械工程学报, 2020, 56(8): 1-12.

SONG Gang, ZHAO Shuang, LI Taotao, LIU Liming. Research Progress on Welding of Magnesium Alloy and Steel Dissimilar Materials[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2020, 56(8): 1-12.

参考文献

[1] LIYANAGE T,KILBOURNE J,GERLICH A P,et al. Oint formation in dissimilar Al alloy/steel and Mg alloy/steel friction stir spot welds[J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining,2009,14:500-508.
[2] AIZAWA T,HASEHIRA K I,NISHIMURA C. Solid state synthesis of non-equilibrium phase in Mg-Co and Mg-Fe systems via bulk mechanical alloying[J]. Materials Transactions,2003,44(4):601-610.
[3] XU R Z,NI D R,YANG Q,et al. Influencing mechanism of Al-containing Zn coating on interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir spot welded Mg-steel joint[J]. Materials Characterization,2018,140:197-206.
[4] KASAI H,MORISADA Y,FUJII H. Dissimilar FSW of immiscible materials:Steel/magnesium[J]. Materials Science and Engineering:A,2015,624:250-255.
[5] ELTHALABAWY W,KHANT T. Liquid phase bonding of 316L stainless steel to AZ31 magnesium alloy[J]. Journal of Materials Sciences & Technology,2011,27(1):22-28.
[6] YUAN Xinjian,SHENG Guangmin,LUO Jun,et al. Microstructural characteristics of joint region during diffusion-brazing of magnesium alloy and stainless steel using pure copper interlayer[J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2013,23(3):599-604.
[7] MANLADAN S M,YUSOF F,RAMESH S,et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of resistance spot welded in welding-brazing mode and resistance element welded magnesium alloy/austenitic stainless steel joints[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2017,250:45-54.
[8] FENG Yueqiao,LI Yang,LUO Zhen,et al. Resistance spot welding of Mg to electro-galvanized steel with hot-dip galvanized steel interlayer[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2016,236:114-122.
[9] PATEL V K,BHOLE S D,CHEN D L. Characterization of ultrasonic spot welded joints of Mg-to-galvanized and ungalvanized steel with a tin interlayer[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2014,214(4):811-817.
[10] SANTELLA M,BROWN E,POZUELO M,et al. Details of Mg-Zn reactions in AZ31 to galvanised mild steel ultrasonic spot welds[J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining,2012,17(3):219-224.
[11] WANG Xiaoyong,SUN Daqiang,SUN Y,et al. Effects of Cu addition on microstructure characteristics and tensile behaviors of metal inert-gas arc welded Mg-steel dissimilar joints[J]. Materials Transactions,2015,56(11):1868-1874.
[12] REN Daxin,LIU Liming. Interface microstructure and mechanical properties of arc spot welding Mg-steel dissimilar joint with Cu interlayer[J]. Materials & Design,2014,59:369-376.
[13] CAO R,YU J Y,CHEN J H,et al. Feasibility of cold-metal-transfer welding magnesium AZ31 to galvanized mild steel[J]. Welding Journal,2013,92(9):274S-282S.
[14] ELTHALABAWY W M,KHAN T I. Microstructural development of diffusion-brazed austenitic stainless steel to magnesium alloy using a nickel interlayer[J]. Materials Characterization,2010,61(7):703-712.
[15] ELTHALABAWY W M,KHAN T I. Eutectic bonding of austenitic stainless steel 316L to magnesium alloy AZ31 using copper interlayer[J]. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2011,55(1-4):235-241.
[16] LI Taotao,SONG Gang,YU Peini,et al. Interfacial microstructure evolution in fusion welding of immiscible Mg/Fe system[J]. Materials & Design,2019,181:107903.
[17] SCHNEIDER C,WEINBERGER T,INOUE J,et al. Characterisation of interface of steel/magnesium FSW[J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining,2011,16(1):100-106.
[18] ZHAO Xiaoye,TAN Caiwang,XIAO Liyuan,et al. Effect of the Ni coating thickness on laser welding-brazing of Mg/steel[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2018,769:1042-1058.
[19] SONG Gang,LI Taotao,CHEN Liang. The mechanical properties and interface bonding mechanism of immiscible Mg/steel by laser-tungsten inert gas welding with filler wire[J]. Materials Science and Engineering:A,2018,736:306-315.
[20] JANA S,HOVANSKI Y,GRANT G J. Friction stir lap welding of magnesium alloy to steel:A preliminary investigation[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science,2010,41A(12):3173-3182.
[21] ZHANG Zhongke,WANG Xijing,WANG Peichung,et al. Friction stir keyholeless spot welding of AZ31 Mg alloy-mild steel[J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2014,24(6):1709-1716.
[22] CHEN Y,CHEN J,AMIRKHIZ B S,et al. Micro-structures and properties of Mg alloy/DP600 steel dissimilar refill friction stir spot welds[J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining,2015,20(6):494-501.
[23] LIU Xiao,WANG Xijing,WANG Boshi,et al. The role of mechanical connection during friction stir keyholeless spot welding joints of dissimilar materials[J]. Metals,2017,7(6):217.
[24] MIAO Yugang,HAN Duanfeng,YAO Jingzheng,et al. Microstructure and interface characteristics of laser penetration brazed magnesium alloy and steel[J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining,2010,15(2):97-103.
[25] MIAO Yugang,HAN Duanfeng,YAO Jingzheng,et al. Effect of laser offsets on joint performance of laser penetration brazing for magnesium alloy and steel[J]. Materials & Design,2010,31(6):3121-3126.
[26] MIAO Yugang,HAN Duanfeng,XU Xiangfang,et al. Phase constitution in the interfacial region of laser penetration brazed magnesium-steel joints[J]. Materials Characterization,2014,93:87-93.
[27] JIANG Ming,GAO Ming,LI Geng,et al. Research on laser welding-brazing of dissimilar Mg alloy and stainless steel[J]. Kovove Materialy-Metallic Materials,2014,52(1):11-17.
[28] CASALINO G,GUGLIELMI P,LORUSSO V D,et al. Laser offset welding of AZ31B magnesium alloy to 316 stainless steel[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2017,242:49-59.
[29] NASIRI A M,ZHOU Y. Effect of Zn interlayer on brazeability of AZ31B-Mg alloy to steel sheet[J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining,2015,20(2):155-163.
[30] LI Liqun,TAN Caiwang,CHEN Yanbin,et al. CO₂ laser welding-brazing characteristics of dissimilar metals AZ31B Mg alloy to Zn coated dual phase steel with Mg based filler[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2013,213(3):361-375.
[31] TAN Caiwang,CHEN Yanbin,LI Liqun,et al. Comparative study of microstructure and mechanical properties of laser welded-brazed Mg/steel joints with four different coating surfaces[J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining,2013,18(6):466-472.
[32] TAN Caiwang,LI Liqun,CHEN Yanbin,et al. Interfacial microstructure and fracture behavior of laser welded-brazed Mg alloys to Zn-coated steel[J]. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2013,68(5-8):1179-1188.
[33] LI Liqun,TAN Caiwang,CHEN Yanbin,et al. Influence of Zn coating on interfacial reactions and mechanical properties during laser welding-brazing of Mg to steel[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science,2012,43A(12):4740-4754.
[34] WAHBA M,KATAYAMA S. Laser welding of AZ31B magnesium alloy to Zn-coated steel[J]. Materials & Design,2012,35:701-706.
[35] TAN Caiwang,XIAO Liyuan,LIU Fuyun,et al. Influence of laser power on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a laser welded-brazed Mg alloy/Ni-coated steel dissimilar joint[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance,2017,26(6):2983-2997.
[36] NASIRI A M,WECKMAN D C,ZHOU Y. Interfacial microstructure of diode laser brazed AZ31B magnesium to steel sheet using a nickel interlayer[J]. Welding Journal,2013,92(1):1S-10S.
[37] NASIRI A M,CHARTRAND P,WECKMAN D C,et al. Thermochemical analysis of phases formed at the interface of a Mg alloy-Ni-plated steel joint during laser brazing[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science,2013,44A(4):1937-1946.
[38] TAN Caiwang,CHEN Bo,SONG Xiaoguo,et al. Influence of Al interlayer thickness on laser welding of Mg/steel[J]. Welding Journal,2016,95(10):384s-394s.
[39] NASIRI A M,WECKMAN D C,ZHOU Y. Interfacial microstructure of laser brazed AZ31B magnesium to Sn-plated steel sheet[J]. Welding Journal,2015,94(3):61S-72S.
[40] NASIRI A M,LI L,KIM S H,et al. Microstructure and properties of laser brazed magnesium to coated steel[J]. Welding Journal,2011,90(11):211S-219S.
[41] WINDMANN M,RÖTTGER A,KÜGLER H,et al. Laser beam welding of magnesium to coated high-strength steel 22MnB5[J]. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2016,87(9):3149-3156.
[42] TAN Caiwang,SONG Xiaoguo,MENG Shenghao,et al. Laser welding-brazing of Mg to stainless steel:Joining characteristics,interfacial microstructure,and mechanical properties[J]. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2016,86(1-4):203-213.
[43] TAN Caiwang,LI Liqun,CHEN Yanbin,et al. Microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of fiber laser welded-brazed Mg alloy-stainless steel joint[J]. Welding Journal,2014,93(10):399S-409S.
[44] LI Liqun,TAN Caiwang,CHEN Yanbin,et al. Comparative study on microstructure and mechanical properties of laser welded-brazed Mg/mild steel and Mg/stainless steel joints[J]. Materials & Design,2013,43:59-65.
[45] SONG Gang,YU Jingwei,LI Taotao,et al. Effect of laser-GTAW hybrid welding heat input on the performance of Mg/steel butt joint[J]. Journal of Manufacturing Processes,2018,31:131-138.
[46] WANG Xiaoyong,SUN Daqian,SUN Y. Influence of Cu-interlayer thickness on microstructures and mechanical properties of MIG-welded Mg-steel joints[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance,2016,25(3):910-920.
[47] WANG Xiaoyong,SUN Daqian,YIN Shiqiang,et al. Microstructures and mechanical properties of metal inert-gas arc welded Mg-steel dissimilar joints[J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2015,25(8):2533-2542.
[48] WANG Xiaoyong,GU Xiaoyan,SUN Daqian,et al. Interface characteristics and mechanical behavior of metal inert-gas arc welded Mg-steel joints[J]. Journal of Materials Research,2016,31(5):589-598.
[49] DING M,LIU S S,ZHENG Y,et al. TIG-MIG hybrid welding of ferritic stainless steels and magnesium alloys with Cu interlayer of different thickness[J]. Materials & Design,2015,88:375-383.
[50] SONG Gang,LI Taotao,CHI Jiayu,et al. Bonding of immiscible Mg/steel by butt fusion welding[J]. Scripta Materialia,2018,157:10-14.
[51] FENG Yueqiao,LI Yang,LUO Zhen,et al. Resistance spot welding of Mg to electro-galvanized steel with hot-dip galvanized steel interlayer[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2016,236:114-122.
[52] DING Min,ZHEN Yong,LIAN Jie. Dissimilar spot welding joints of AZ31-443 ferritic stainless steel with cover plate[J]. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2016,85(5-8):1539-1545.
[53] MANLADAN S M,YUSOF F,RAMESH S,et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of resistance spot welded in welding-brazing mode and resistance element welded magnesium alloy/austenitic stainless steel joints[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2017,250:45-54.
[54] PATEL V K,BHOLE S D,CHEN D L. Characterization of ultrasonic spot welded joints of Mg-to-galvanized and ungalvanized steel with a tin interlayer[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2014,214(4):811-817.
[55] PATEL V K,BHOLE S D,CHEN D L. Formation of zinc interlayer texture during dissimilar ultrasonic spot welding of magnesium and high strength low alloy steel[J]. Materials & Design,2013,45:236-240.
[56] SANTELLA M,BROWN E,POZUELO M,et al. Details of Mg-Zn reactions in AZ31 to galvanised mild steel ultrasonic spot welds[J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining,2012,17(3):219-224.
[57] FRANKLIN T J,PAN J,SANTELLA M,et al. Fatigue behavior of dissimilar ultrasonic spot welds in lap-shear specimens of magnesium and steel sheets[J]. SAE International Journal of Materials and Manufacturing,2011,4(1):581-588.
[58] SANTELLA M,FRANKLIN T,PAN J,et al. Ultrasonic spot welding of AZ31B to galvanized mild steel[J]. SAE International Journal of Materials and Manufacturing,2010,3(1):652-657.
[59] PATEL V K,CHEN D L,BHOLE S D. Dissimilar ultrasonic spot welding of Mg-Al and Mg-high strength low alloy steel[J]. Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Letters,2014,4(4):41005.
[60] LAI Wenjen,PAN Jwo,FENG Zhli,et al. Failure mode and fatigue behavior of ultrasonic spot welds with adhesive in lap-shear specimens of magnesium and steel sheets[J]. SAE International Journal of Materials and Manufacturing,2013,6(2):279-285.
[61] PAN T Y,FENG Zhili,SANTELLA M,et al. Corrosion behavior of mixed-metal joint of magnesium to mild steel by ultrasonic spot welding with and without adhesives[J]. SAE International Journal of Materials and Manufacturing,2013,6(2):271-278.
[62] LIU Liming,ZHAO Xu. Study on the weld joint of Mg alloy and steel by laser-GTA hybrid welding[J]. Materials Characterization,2008,59(9):1279-1284.
[63] WANG Hongyang,SONG Gang. Influence of adhesive and Ni on the interface between Mg and Fe in the laser-TIG-adhesive hybrid welding joint[J]. International Journal of Precision Engineering And Manufacturing,2016,17(6):823-827.
[64] LIU Liming,QI Xiaodong,ZHANG Zhaodong. The effect of alloying elements on the shear strength of the lap joint of AZ31B magnesium alloy to Q235 steel by hybrid laser-TIG welding technique[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science,2012,43A(6):1976-1988.
[65] LIU Liming,XU Rongzheng. Investigation of corrosion behavior of Mg-steel laser-TIG hybrid lap joints[J]. Corrosion Science,2012,54:212-218.
[66] QI Xiaodong,LIU Liming. Investigation on welding mechanism and interlayer selection of magnesium/steel lap joints[J]. Welding Journal,2011,90(1):1S-7S.
[67] SONG Gang,SHAN Chuang. Microstructures of laser-tungsten inert gas hybrid welding of dissimilar AZ31 Mg alloy and Q235 steel with Ni as interlayer[J]. Materials Research Innovations,2011,15(2):145-149.
[68] LIU Liming,QI Xiaodong. Strengthening effect of nickel and copper interlayers on hybrid laser-TIG welded joints between magnesium alloy and mild steel[J]. Materials & Design,2010,31(8):3960-3963.
[69] QI Xiaodong,LIU Liming. Comparative study on characteristics of hybrid laser-TIG welded AZ61/Q235 lap joints with and without interlayers[J]. Journal of Materials Science,2010,45(14):3912-3920.
[70] LIU Liming,SHAN Chuang. Study on laser-tungsten inert gas hybrid welding of dissimilar Mg alloy and steel with Ni as interlayer[J]. Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik,2009,40(10):780-783.
[71] QI Xiaodong,SONG Gang. Interfacial structure of the joints between magnesium alloy and mild steel with nickel as interlayer by hybrid laser-TIG welding[J]. Materials & Design,2010,31(1):605-609.
[72] LIU Liming,QI Xiaodong. Effects of copper addition on microstructure and strength of the hybrid laser-TIG welded joints between magnesium alloy and mild steel[J]. Journal of Materials Science,2009,44(21):5725-5731.
[73] LIU Liming,QI Xiaodong,WU Zhonghui. Micros-tructural characteristics of lap joint between magnesium alloy and mild steel with and without the addition of Sn element[J]. Materials Letters,2010,64(1):89-92.
[74] SONG Gang,AN Guangye,LIU Liming. Effect of gradient thermal distribution on butt joining of magnesium alloy to steel with Cu-Zn alloy interlayer by hybrid laser-tungsten inert gas welding[J]. Materials & Design,2012,35:323-329.
[75] 刘磊. 镁/镁和镁合金/钢电阻点焊接头的形成机理及力学性能[D]. 哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2011. LIU Lei. Formation mechanism and mechanical properties of Mg/Mg and Mg alloy/steel resistance spot welded joints[D]. Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2011.
[76] LIU Lei,XIAO Liyuan,CHEN D L,et al. Microstructure and fatigue properties of Mg-to-steel dissimilar resistance spot welds[J]. Materials & Design,2013,45:336-342.
[77] SHEN Z,DING Y,CHEN J,et al. Comparison of fatigue behavior in Mg/Mg similar and Mg/steel dissimilar refill friction stir spot welds[J]. International Journal of Fatigue,2016,92:78-86.
[78] CHEN Y C,NAKATA K. Effect of tool geometry on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir lap welded magnesium alloy and steel[J]. Materials & Design,2009,30(9):3913-3919.
[79] LEE C Y,CHOI D H,YEON Y M,et al. Dissimilar friction stir spot welding of low carbon steel and Al-Mg alloy by formation of IMCs[J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining,2009,14(3):216-220.
[80] CHEN Y C,NAKATA K. Friction stir lap welding of magnesium alloy and zinc-coated steel[J]. Materials Transactions,2009,50(11):2598-2603.
[81] CHEN Y C,NAKATA K. Effect of surface states of steel on microstructure and mechanical properties of lap joints of magnesium alloy and steel by friction stir welding[J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining,2010,15(4):293-298.
[82] LIU Lei,ZOU Guisheng,MORI H,et al. Nanostructure of immiscible Mg-Fe dissimilar weld without interfacial intermetallic transition layer[J]. Materials & Design,2016,92:445-449.
[83] MISHIN Y,ASTA M,LI Ju. Atomistic modeling of interfaces and their impact on microstructure and properties[J]. Acta Materialia,2010,58(4):1117-1151.
[84] LIU Lei,XIAO Liyuan,FENG Jiecai,et al. Bonding of immiscible Mg and Fe via a nanoscale Fe2Al5 transition layer[J]. Scripta Materialia,2011,65(11):982-985.
[85] SONG Gang,LI Taotao,ZHANG Zhaodong,et al. Investigation of unequal thickness Mg/steel butt-welded plate by hybrid laser-tungsten inert gas welding with a Ni interlayer[J]. Journal of Manufacturing Processes,2017,30(Supplement C):299-302.