Projection-enabled 3D Bioprinting: Principles, Challenges, and Strategies

doi:10.3901/JME.260070

Abstract

Abstract: Projection-based 3D printing is an additive manufacturing technology grounded in the principle of photopolymerization. It employs a spatial light modulator to generate a dynamic mask and projects a bitmap image onto the surface of photosensitive materials to achieve curing and forming. Projection techniques can be categorized into two types: surface projection and volumetric projection. Among the various 3D printing technologies, surface projection offers the highest resolution/time to manufacturing ratio, while volumetric projection boasts printing speeds that far surpass those of traditional printing methods. Consequently, projection-enabled 3D printing is regarded as a highly promising technological approach. However, when applied to bioprinting—specifically with the use of cell-laden bioinks—its printability, resolution, and ink requirements undergo significant changes, presenting a range of challenges. This review systematically summarizes technical principles and primary challenges of projection-enabled 3D bioprinting, analyzes recent advancements in techniques and applications, and proposes practical optimization strategies tailored to the demands of biomedical applications. It aims to provide valuable insights and references for research and development in this field.

Key words: 3D printing, biofabrication, light-based 3D printing, bioink, volumetric printing

CLC Number:

R318

HE Chaofan, WU Qilin, QIAO Tianhong, SUN Yuan, GAO Qing, WANG Peng, MA Liang, YIN Jun, YANG Huayong, HE Yong. Projection-enabled 3D Bioprinting: Principles, Challenges, and Strategies[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2026, 62(3): 46-69.

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