赋能运载火箭多功能化发展的机构技术与挑战

doi:10.3901/JME.260001

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 随着航天技术的快速发展，运载火箭多功能化已成为未来航天运输系统的重要发展方向。研究聚焦于赋能运载火箭多功能化发展的机构技术，系统阐述了其内涵、关键技术及面临的挑战。首先，分析了运载火箭多功能化的需求背景及发展趋势，提出了机构技术是实现多功能化的核心支撑。其次，梳理了相关机构技术伴随我国运载火箭发展的历程以及不同阶段机构专业发展特点，提出了运载火箭机构进入系统集成化发展新阶段。然后，为探究机构技术未来发展，想定了两级重复使用运载火箭登月任务场景，剖析了全任务剖面中着陆机构、气动机构、伺服机构、变形机构、分离机构以及新型机构的发展新需求。最后，探讨了机构技术在方案创新设计、性能系统验证、服役可靠性评估以及智能化发展等方面面临的新机遇与新挑战。研究表明，机构技术的突破将有力提升运载火箭的任务适应性和经济性，推动航天运输系统向更高效、更可靠、更经济的方向发展。

关键词: 运载火箭, 多功能化, 机构技术, 可重复使用

Abstract: With the rapid development of aerospace technology, the multifunctionalization of launch vehicles has become an important development direction for the future aerospace transportation system. The research focuses on mechanism technologies that enable the multifunctional development of launch vehicles, and systematically explains connotations, key technologies and challenges. First, the demand background and development trend of launch vehicle multifunctionalization are analyzed, and mechanism technology is proposed to be the core support for achieving multifunctionalization. Secondly, the process of relevant mechanism technologies accompanying the development of China launch vehicle and the characteristics of professional development of mechanisms at different stages are sorted out, and the launch vehicle mechanism entered a new stage of system integration development is proposed. Then, in order to explore the future development of mechanism technology, This research set up a two-stage reusable launch vehicle lunar landing mission scenario, and analyze the new development needs of landing mechanisms, pneumatic mechanisms, servo mechanisms, deformation mechanisms, separation mechanisms and new mechanisms in the entire mission profile. Finally, new opportunities and challenges faced by mechanism technology in solution innovation design, performance system verification, service reliability assessment, and intelligent development are discussed. Research shows that breakthroughs in mechanism technology will improve the mission adaptability and economicality of launch vehicles and promote the development of aerospace transportation systems to a more efficient, reliable, and economical direction.

Key words: launch vehicle, multifunctionality, mechanism technology, reusability

中图分类号:

TG156

张宏剑, 石玉红, 顾春辉, 徐方舟, 乐晨, 彭波, 郭嘉. 赋能运载火箭多功能化发展的机构技术与挑战[J]. 机械工程学报, 2026, 62(1): 2-17.

ZHANG Hongjian, SHI Yuhong, GU Chunhui, XU Fangzhou, YUE Chen, PENG Bo, GUO Jia. Enabling Multifunctional Development of Launch Vehicles：Mechanism Technologies and Challenges[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2026, 62(1): 2-17.

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