铁道车辆异常振动噪声的原因分析

doi:10.3901/JME.2021.04.148

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 针对动车组在高速运行阶段出现的客室内异常噪声现象，结合线路试验测试数据，通过频域与时域分析方法，进行声源识别与振动传递分析。数据分析结果显示客室异响是由于地板的异常振动引起的声辐射。由于轴箱的异常振动主频幅值小于构架，且车辆系统异常振动频率为牵引电机转频及其倍频，故排除轮轨激扰与车下设备产生异常振动的可能性，将故障定位于传动系统。依据牵引电机与齿轮箱典型故障的振动频谱特征，因其与异常振动频率不相符，故可将故障锁定在联轴节处。结合转子动力学理论，推导弹性联轴节不对中状态下的受力方程，理论分析可知，不对中效应会导致转子系统产生以转动频率为基频的倍频振动，这与数据分析结果是吻合的。因此在后续试验中更换联轴节，结果表明，更换联轴节后客室地板异常振动衰减，惰行工况尤为明显，加速度方均根值降低67%，异常振动1X与3X主频幅值消失，2X与4X主频幅值分别降低了78%与66%。客室地板振动水平达到理想效果，理论分析与试验结果得到相互验证。

关键词: 动车组, 车内噪声, 倍频振动, 故障诊断, 联轴节

Abstract: In response to the abnormal noise phenomenon in the EMU’s passenger room during the high-speed operation. Through the field test data, the sound source and the transmission of the vibration are analyzed, in both frequency and time-frequency domain. The result of data analysis shows that the abnormal noise of the passenger compartment is the acoustic radiation caused by the abnormal vibration of the floor. Compared with the bogie frame, the amplitude of the abnormal vibration on the axle box is relatively small, and the frequencies of abnormal vibration are the traction motor rotating frequency, along with its harmonic frequencies. Therefore, the possibility of abnormal vibration caused by the wheel-rail excitation and the equipment suspended on the car body is eliminated, and the fault is located at the transmission system. According to the vibration spectrum characteristics of the typical faults of the traction motor and the gearbox, it is found that they do not agree with the abnormal vibration frequency, therefore the fault can be locked at coupling. Based on the rotor dynamics theory, the force equations under the misalignment of the elastic coupling are established, and it suggests the misalignment effect will cause the rotor system to generate the harmonic frequencies vibration with the rotational frequency as the fundamental frequency, which is consistent with the analysis results. After replacing the coupling, the acceleration of the abnormal vibration on the passenger compartment floor is reduced, especially in idling condition. The root mean square values are reduced by 67%, and the peaks at 1X and 3X frequencies disappeared, the amplitudes of 2X and 4X are decreased by 78% and 66%，respectively. The vibration level of the floor of the passenger compartment achieved the ideal effect, and the theoretical analysis and test results have been mutually verified.

Key words: high-speed train, interior noise, multiple frequency vibration, fault diagnosis, coupling

中图分类号:

TG156

周亚波, 池茂儒, 蔡吴斌, 孙建锋, 肖新标. 铁道车辆异常振动噪声的原因分析[J]. 机械工程学报, 2021, 57(4): 148-155.

ZHOU Yabo, CHI Maoru, CAI Wubin, SUN Jianfeng, XIAO Xinbiao. Causes Analysis of Abnormal Vibration and Noise in Railway Vehicles[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2021, 57(4): 148-155.

参考文献

[1] 任尊松,刘志明. 高速动车组振动传递及频率分布规律[J]. 机械工程学报,2013,49(16):1-7.REN Zunsong,LIU Zhiming. Vibration and frequency domain characteristics of high speed EMU[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2013,49(16):1-7.
[2] ZHAI Wanming,LIU Pengfei,LIN Jianhui,et al. Experimental investigation on vibration behavior of CRH train at speed of 350 km/h[J]. International Journal of Rail Transportation,2015,3(1):1-16.
[3] 翟婉明. 车辆-轨道耦合动力学[M]. 北京:科学出版社,2007.ZHAI Wanming. Vehicle-track coupled dynamics[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2007.
[4] 袁旻忞,SHEN A,鲁帆,等. 高速列车运行工况下噪声传递路径及声源贡献量分析[J]. 振动与冲击,2013,32(21):189-196.YUAN Minmin,SHEN A,LU Fan,et al. Operation transfer path analysis and noise sources contribution for China railway high-speed(CRH)[J]. Journal of Vibration and Shock,2013,31(21):189-196.
[5] 李志辉. 时速250公里动车组车内噪声特性研究及机理分析[D]. 成都:西南交通大学,2016.LI Zhihui. Analysis and research on the characteristics and mechanisms of interior noise of a 250 km/h high speed train[D]. Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University,2016.
[6] 韩光旭,张捷,肖新标,等. 高速动车组车内异常振动噪声特性与车轮非圆化关系研究[J]. 机械工程学报,2014,50(22):113-121.HAN Guangxu,ZHANG Jie,XIAO Xinbiao,et al. Study on high-speed train abnormal interior vibration and noise related to wheel roughness[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2014,50(22):113-121.
[7] ZHANG Jie,XIAO Xinbiao,SHENG Xiaozhen,et al. A systematic approach to identify sources of abnormal interior noise for a high-speed train[J]. Shock and Vibration,2018:5085847.
[8] 李凡松,王建斌,石怀龙,等. 动车组车体异常弹性振动原因及抑制措施研究[J]. 机械工程学报,2019,55(12):178-188.LI Fansong,WANG Jianbin,SHI Huailong,et al. Research on cause and countermeasures of abnormal flexible vibration of car body for electric multiple units[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2019,55(12):178-188.
[9] 汪群生,曾京,魏来,等. 车下悬吊设备不均衡振动对车体振动的影响[J]. 铁道学报,2017,39(2):24-31.WANG Qunsheng,ZENG Jing,WEI Lai,et al. Influence of unbalanced vibration of underneath suspend system on carbody vibration[J]. Journal of China Railway Society,2017,39(2):24-31.
[10] 石怀龙,王建斌,戴焕云,等. 联轴节不对中导致的车体振动研究[J]. 振动.测试与诊断,2015,35(4):626-631,793SHI Huailong,WANG Jianbin,DAI Huanyun,et al. Car body vibration analysis subject to coupling misalignment in traction system of metro vehicle[J]. Journal of Vibration,Measurement & Diagnosis,2015,35(4):626-631,793.
[11] 许伯强,孙丽玲,李和明. 笼型异步电动机转子断条数目诊断新判据[J]. 中国电机工程学报,2009,29(6):105-110.XU Boqiang,SUN Liling,LI Heming. A novel diagnosis criterion for broken rotor bars in induction motors[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE,2009,29(6):105-110.
[12] 常悦,徐正国. 基于振动信号分析的感应电机气隙偏心故障诊断[J]. 上海应用技术学院学报,2015,15(2):135-138.CHANG Yue,XU Zhengguo. Air gap eccentricity fault diagnosis of induction motor based on vibration analysis[J]. Journal of Shanghai Institute of Technology,2015,15(2):135-138.
[13] 万书亭,李和明,许兆凤,等. 定子绕组匝间短路对发电机定转子径向振动特性的影响[J]. 中国电机工程学报,2004(4):161-165.WAN Shuting,LI Heming,XU Zhaofeng,et al. Analysis of generator vibration characteristic on stator winding inter-turn short circuit fault[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE,2004(4):161-165.
[14] 何斌斌. 高速列车齿轮箱异常振动分析[D]. 成都:西南交通大学,2014.HE Binbin. Abnormal vibration analysis for high-speed train gearbox[D]. Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University,2014.
[15] 高强,杜小山,范虹,等. 滚动轴承故障的EMD诊断方法研究[J]. 振动工程学报,2007,20(1):19-22.GAO Qiang,DU Xiaoshan,FAN Hong,et al. An empirical mode decomposition based method for rolling bearing fault diagnosis[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering,2007,20(1):19-22.
[16] 丁康,朱小勇,陈亚华. 齿轮箱典型故障振动特征与诊断策略[J]. 振动与冲击,2001,20(3):9-14,97.DING Kang,ZHU Xiaoyong,CHEN Yahua. The vibration characteristic of typical gearbox faults and its diagnosis plan[J]. Journal of Vibration and Shock,2001,20(3):9-14,97.
[17] 何俊. 齿轮箱振动特性分析与智能故障诊断方法研究[D]. 杭州:浙江大学,2018.HE Jun. Vibration characteristic analysis and intelligent fault diagnosis of gearboxes[D]. Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2018.
[18] 刘金银. 弹性联轴节不对中情况下齿轮系统振动特性与诊断方法研究[D]. 沈阳:东北大学,2013.LIU Jinyin. Study on vibration characteristics of gear system and its diagnostic methods under misaligned elastic coupling[D]. Shenyang:Northeastern University,2013.
[19] PATEL T H,DARPE A K. Vibration response of misaligned rotors[J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration,2009,325(3):609-628.
[20] HUJARE D P,KARNIK M G. Vibration responses of parallel misalignment in Al shaft rotor bearing system with rigid coupling[J]. Materials Today:Proceedings,2018,5(11):23863-23817.