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Establishing a New Paradigm of Embodied Intelligence: A Review of the Current Status and Development Trends in Humanoid Robot Technology TAO Yong, WAN Jiahao, WANG Tianmiao, XIONG Youjun, WANG Baicun, ZHANG Wenbo, DENG Changyi, TAO Yu, YANG Geng, WEI Hongxing Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2025, 61 (15): 121-147.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.2025.15.121 Abstract （1603）      PDF（pc） （922KB）（8723）       Knowledge map    Save The technology of humanoid robots is currently evolving rapidly, becoming a new focal point for global technological innovation and industrial upgrading. As an important representative of embodied intelligence, humanoid robots possess vast development potential and application prospects. Based on the multidisciplinary intersections, complex systems, and high levels of integration inherent in humanoid robot technology, this review synthesizes the latest research achievements and industry developments in this field, focusing on the current technological status and development trends of humanoid robots. First, the definition and developmental history of humanoid robots are introduced, describing the current status of development in both foreign and domestic contexts from the perspectives of technological level, industrial landscape, and policy support. A comparison and summary of the typical technological development characteristics and product features between domestic and international advancements are provided. Key core technologies are analyzed in detail, including critical components, environmental perception and scene understanding, gait control and dexterous manipulation, embodied intelligence and large models, human-robot collaboration and interaction, as well as operating systems and toolchains. The implementation pathways and current research progress of these technologies are discussed. Furthermore, typical applications of humanoid robots in specialized service environments, intelligent manufacturing, and household and social services are presented, exploring their expansion potential in emerging application areas. The main challenges faced by humanoid robot development are analyzed, focusing on technological bottlenecks and application difficulties. Finally, based on the development status of technologies and applications, an outlook on the trends in embodied intelligence represented by humanoid robots is provided, particularly in areas such as multimodal vertical large models, high-performance simulation training platforms, and safety and ethics. This review aims to summarize and grasp the dynamics of cutting-edge technological developments in humanoid robots domestically and internationally, while offering insights and references for those engaged in the research and development of humanoid robot technologies and products, thus contributing to the advancement and industrialization of humanoid robot technology in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Intelligent Generative Design—A New Mechanical Design Concept NING Fangwei, LU Jiaxing, WANG Yixuan, MA Yushan, LI Lei, LI Heran, SHI Yan Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2025, 61 (24): 267-284.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.2025.24.267 Abstract （1016）      PDF（pc） （137627KB）（2006）       Knowledge map    Save With the rapid development of generative artificial intelligence, the field of mechanical design has ushered in new changes. The design concept is gradually developed from the traditional “computer-aided + artificial experience” to “historical design data and knowledge + generative modeling” with advanced intelligence, and specific design behavior is developed from “manual modeling” to “generative modeling”, and the mechanical product design driver is developed from manual experience to data knowledge. In response to this development trend, a new mechanical design concept is proposed: Intelligent generative design (IGD). The content composition, core operation mechanism, design features, and key technologies of IGD are described in this article. On this basis, this study explores the application value of IGD in mechanical product design, and points out the new trend and development direction for the design of mechanical products. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Geometric Feature Evolution-driven Topology Design for the Supporting-free Multicell Structure WU Zijun, XIAO Renbin Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2025, 61 (17): 300-313.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.2025.17.300 Abstract （826）      PDF（pc） （818KB）（5073）       Knowledge map    Save Multicellular structures are a class of cross-scale structures characterized by complex pore features and specific mechanical properties. The intricate topological relationships inherent in the geometrical features of multicellular structures within the design space introduce significant challenges to their formation in the fabrication space. In this paper, in order to break through the self-supporting characteristic design of multi-cellular structures, a multi-cellular structure design method based on the evolution of geometric features is proposed. Starting from the geometric features, the superposition and combination mode of the rod unit is investigated, and the mapping relationship between the spatial position of the rod unit, the single-cell stiffness matrix, and the density of the single cell is analysed, and the two-dimensional and three-dimensional single-cell models driven by the geometric features of the rod unit are established; When employed in conjunction with the topological optimization method, the sensitivity of the multicellular structure is deduced, and the optimization model of the multicellular structure with single-cell matching is constructed. The distribution range of the forming angles of the shared rod units between single cells, as well as the exclusive rod units within a single cell, is analysed in conjunction with the spatial position of the rod units in the cell. The search algorithm for matching the forming angles of the rod units is designed to establish the manufacturing voxel with self-supporting characteristics and realize the self-supporting design of multi-cellular structures. This paper provides a comprehensive illustration of the multi-cellular structure manufacturing voxel construction process through the optimization example of a 2D cantilever beam and a 3D bracket. It also verifies the validity of the proposed method by using the model slicing software of the additive manufacturing equipment. This provides a new theoretical basis and methodological approach for the self-supporting design of multi-cellular structures. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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State of the Art of Dynamic Vibration Absorption MA Wenshuo, ZHU Haokuan, YANG Yiqing, YU Jingjun Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2025, 61 (21): 2-17.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.2025.21.002 Abstract （702）      PDF（pc） （68528KB）（1712）       Knowledge map    Save As an effective solution for structural vibration suppression, the breakthrough in performance bottlenecks of dynamic vibration absorbers (DVAs) holds significant strategic importance for enhancing the reliability of high-end equipment in national strategic sectors such as aerospace and defense. The research progress in five major DVA types is systematically reviewed: single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) DVAs, multiple DVAs, multi-DOF DVAs, tunable DVAs, and nonlinear DVAs, with a focus on structural innovation. SDOF DVAs, characterized by their structural simplicity, stability, and easy implementation, remain the most widely used configuration in engineering, nevertheless their narrowband limitations have spurred the development of combined and multi-DOF designs. Multiple SDOF DVAs achieve broad bandwidth through parallel/serial topological configurations, balancing bandwidth enhancement with engineering feasibility. Multi-DOF DVAs leverage spatial freedom of mass units to enable efficient multi-dimensional or multi-mode vibration suppression. Tunable DVAs integrate tuning mechanisms with semi-active control to address optimal adaptation under time-varying structural dynamics. Nonlinear DVAs demonstrate unique advantages in broadband vibration control via targeted energy transfer mechanisms. Comparative analysis reveals that structural innovations, including freedom-degree expansion, parameter adaptive tuning, and nonlinear stiffness design, have substantially improved vibration suppression performance and environmental adaptability, driving a paradigm shift from traditional parameter optimization to configuration-driven design. Simultaneously, the reconfiguration of stiffness units based on flexures has established a theoretical cornerstone for configuration-driven performance enhancement of DVAs. Future advancements are expected to achieve higher vibration attenuation amplitudes, superior dynamic adaptability, broader suppression bandwidths, and multi-directional vibration control. Furthermore, this field is poised to catalyze the evolution of integrated vibration suppression, energy harvesting and sensing technologies, providing theoretical foundations and technical frameworks for vibration control in aerospace and advanced manufacturing systems. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Meta-structure Manufacturing: Pioneering New Frontiers in Advanced Manufacturing WANG Guoqing, WANG Pengfei, LI Zhen, GENG Xinyu, WANG Xin, LIN Xin Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2025, 61 (16): 1-12.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.2025.16.001 Abstract （690）      PDF（pc） （87391KB）（1241）       Knowledge map    Save National major missions such as flight-frequency transportation and manned lunar landing have raised new requirements for the development of advanced equipment, demanding even orders-of-magnitude leaps in the performance metrics of key components. However, traditional design and manufacturing methods are limited by the separation of material, structure, manufacturing, and function elements, making it difficult to meet these demands. There is an urgent need to develop new manufacturing technologies capable of achieving ultra-high-performance/function structures. Building on preliminary exploration and practice, the concept of meta-structure manufacturing and attempts to elucidate its essence and characteristics from the perspectives of dimension, scale, and order is proposed. It outlines the technical framework of meta-structure manufacturing, presents several research case studies, and finally analyzes and prospects its application scenarios from the viewpoints of material utilization, energy conversion, and information regulation. Through this paper, we aim to consolidate research efforts across the industry, break through traditional concepts and paradigms, and pioneer a new disciplinary field in meta-structure manufacturing technology. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Overview of Dynamic Modeling and Control for Cable-driven Robots CHEN Yanlin, DENG Xiaoheng, ZHANG Xianmin, HUANG Yanjiang Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2025, 61 (19): 1-17.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.2025.19.001 Abstract （684）      PDF（pc） （417KB）（1651）       Knowledge map    Save Cable-driven robots have attracted significant attention from researchers due to their advantages of low inertia, light weight, and extensive operational range. However, the inherent flexibility of cables and their unidirectional force transmission characteristics pose challenges for precise control. Achieving efficient and accurate motion control requires in-depth research on cable tension distribution, robot dynamics, and control strategies. This research reviews the research progress in the field of cable-driven robots. Firstly, it focuses on tension computation and optimization methods, including null-space method, geometric method, and least-squares method, comparing their advantages, disadvantages, and applicable scenarios. Secondly, it summarizes advancements in dynamic modeling approaches, such as the Lagrange method, Newton-Euler method, and the principle of virtual work, evaluating their strengths and weaknesses in modeling the dynamics of cable-driven continuum robots. Thirdly, it reviews the progress in control strategies for cable-driven robots, comparing model-based and model-free control approaches. Finally, the current state of research is summarized, and future development trends in cable-driven robots are discussed. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Chain-of-thought Paradigm Text-based Multimodal Intelligent Agent for Equipment Operations and Maintenance HUANG Jinfeng, WANG Chengcheng, HE Hongliang, WANG Xu, LI Qi, YANG Kangding, WANG Kai, ZHANG Feibin, QIN Zhaoye, CHU Fulei Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2025, 61 (23): 58-74.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.2025.23.058 Abstract （565）      PDF（pc） （76294KB）（457）       Knowledge map    Save An artificial intelligence architecture—the chain-of-thought (CoT) paradigm text-based multimodal intelligent agent—for operation and maintenance (O&M) of mechanical equipment is proposed. Firstly, to address the challenge of constructing high-quality, large-scale monitoring data-to-fault mode mapping datasets in real-world engineering applications, a chain-of-thought dataset construction strategy integrating monitoring signals, mathematical features, text descriptions, and fault mode is proposed. Based on this, a signal-to-text (Sig2Txt) model driven by a signal-text data generator is developed. Subsequently, a high-quality specialized textual dataset for O&M in the mechanical equipment domain is created, and an intelligent O&M-specialized large language model is established through instruction fine-tuning on a general large language model. Finally, by organically integrating the above models based on large model intelligent agent technology and guided by the operational thinking patterns of human experts in equipment maintenance, a chain-of-thought paradigm text-based multimodal intelligent agent for intelligent O&M is formed. Testing results indicate that this model can achieve chain-of-thought parsing and mapping from multimodal input decision-making, with an accuracy exceeding 70% on ISO Category III vibration analyst test questions, thus reaching expert-level performance. In evaluations with engineering cases and publicly available multimodal datasets, the proposed model outperforms existing mainstream large models. More importantly, owing to the proposed low-cost, high-quality multimodal CoT large-scale dataset construction framework, and the unique advantages of a “text-based” approach in terms of encompassing knowledge, high-level abstraction, and interpretability, the model shows considerable scalability and development potential. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Generalized Vehicle System Dynamics: Theoretical Framework and Comprehensive Overview YIN Guodong Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2025, 61 (18): 190-203.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.2025.18.190 Abstract （551）      PDF（pc） （708KB）（849）       Knowledge map    Save Vehicle dynamics theory is fundamental to automotive design and control. With the rapid development of automotive electrification and intelligence, novel chassis configurations characterized by distribution, modularity, and redundancy have disrupted traditional boundaries of vehicle motion functions. The integration of onboard, roadside, and connected intelligent sensing information has transformed vehicle systems into cyber-physical systems. Existing vehicle dynamics theories, however, struggle to uniformly characterize the dynamics of multi-mode chassis structures and fail to elucidate the mechanical interactions between vehicles and multi-source external environmental information, highlighting critical limitations in model generality and environmental information integration. To address these issues, a generalized vehicle system dynamics framework is proposed. This framework abstracts chassis constraints, inter-vehicle interactions, and information exchange as generalized internal forces within the vehicle system, thereby constructing a coupled dynamics system encompassing mechanical, electronic, and informational multiphysics interactions. Furthermore, it enriches the traditional “modeling-estimation-control” theoretical paradigm, forming a unified theoretical framework to guide the chassis design and coordinated dynamic control of high-performance vehicles. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Human-robot Collaboration for Human-centric Smart Manufacturing: Developmental Evolution, Integration Applications, and Future Perspectives ZHANG Jie, DING Pengfei, WANG Baicun, ZHANG Peng, Lü Youlong, WANG Junliang Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2025, 61 (15): 4-20.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.2025.15.004 Abstract （551）      PDF（pc） （508KB）（1367）       Knowledge map    Save The European Union’s Industry 5.0 initiative introduces a new era of intelligent manufacturing that emphasizes a human-centric approach, driving the rapid advancement of human-centric manufacturing（human-centered smart manufacturing）. As one of the core paradigms of this concept, human-robot collaboration（HRC） has emerged as a key research focus in the industrial manufacturing domain in recent years. This study conducts a comprehensive analysis of the past and future of HRC, focusing on the following aspects: reviewing the development and evolution of human-machine relationships, exploring the iterative progression and integration of HRC models, summarizing the typical applications of HRC across various fields, and envisioning future development goals and technological breakthroughs. The evolution of human-machine relationships is elucidated by examining the coupling between industrial development trajectories and the increasing empathy between humans and machines. Based on the characteristics of human-machine relationships and collaboration, the iterative advancements and integration of HRC models in manufacturing systems are analyzed and summarized. Three typical modes of HRC—human-machine interaction, human-machine coordination, and human-machine symbiosis—are reviewed for their applications in fields such as product assembly, robotic control, and autonomous driving. The shortcomings and challenges of these modes in practical applications are also discussed. Finally, the future vision and developmental directions of HRC are outlined, with an emphasis on the new technologies and theories needed to overcome existing challenges in the era of advanced human-robot collaboration. These efforts aim to propel the manufacturing system toward a new level of human-centric intelligent manufacturing. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress on Control Mechanism and Control Algorithm of Micro High-mobility Coaxial UAV HUANG Wenqing, LIU Yanwei, LI Jiangchao, LI Pengyang, LI Shujuan Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2025, 61 (17): 1-14.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.2025.17.001 Abstract （537）      PDF（pc） （550KB）（1914）       Knowledge map    Save Micro coaxial unmanned aerial vehicles perform well in various complex environments due to their unique structure and performance advantages, especially in executing tasks with high complexity and confined spaces, such as military reconnaissance, disaster rescue, and other fields. Therefore, the research status and progress of the control mechanism and flight control algorithm of micro high-mobility coaxial UAV are reviewed. In terms of the manipulation mechanism, the attitude adjustment principle and design characteristics of the manipulation mechanism, such as tilt disk, center of gravity offset, lower rudder blade, motor cycle control and electromagnetic coil drive, are introduced, and their size parameters and main characteristics are compared. In terms of flight control algorithms, the principles and applications of traditional control methods and advanced control methods are expounded. Finally, the development characteristics and future trends of micro-UAV are analyzed, and the future trends are prospected, and it is pointed out that the integration and cooperation of multiple manipulation systems will be the future development direction to meet the increasingly diverse and complex task requirements. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Collaborative Swarm Intelligent Diagnosis Method for Machine Groups with Transferability Topology Planning YANG Bin, LI Yaning, LEI Yaguo, LI Xiang, CAO Junyi, WU Tonghai Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2026, 62 (4): 1-11.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.260101 Abstract （528）      PDF（pc） （611KB）（500）       Knowledge map    Save Machine group collaborative service is central to networked collaborative manufacturing. Performing data-centralized intelligent diagnosis for such groups faces challenges like data barriers and individual differences. To overcome data barriers and enhance model adaptability, current approaches based on federated learning and multi-domain adaptation establish decentralized diagnosis architectures. However, they exhibit blindness in group task planning and neglect uneven individual importance when integrating local models. To address this, we propose a collaborative swarm intelligent diagnosis method with transferability topology planning. First, a transferability topology structure is established to define diagnosis knowledge flow among machine nodes. Second, the topology planning is optimized by comprehensively considering data quality, available data amount, diagnosis knowledge transferability, communication resources, and individual importance, thus determining knowledge flow relationships and individual importance distribution. Finally, an individual importance-weighted decentralized diagnosis architecture is built to collaboratively train a global diagnosis model for the machine group. Validation experiments using bearing fault data from multiple devices show that the optimized transferability topology can effectively reflect knowledge flow relationships among machine nodes. This improves the diagnosis accuracy of global model and enables its adaptability for machine group diagnosis. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Integration of Robotic Tracking/Measuring-machining Applying the Closed and Smooth Properties of Lie Groups: I System Calibration and Path Generation LI Wenlong, JIANG Cheng, XU Wei, DING Han Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2025, 61 (20): 1-15.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.2025.20.001 Abstract （518）      PDF（pc） （731KB）（672）       Knowledge map    Save The aircraft skin is the primary component forming the aerodynamic shape of an aircraft, characterized by large size, thin wall (thickness 2～6 mm) and complex structure. Currently, manufacturers generally adopt a manual comparison-marking-trimming method to remove the edge allowance of the skin parts, leading to large cumulative human errors and difficulties in controlling assembly quality. Vision/force-guided industrial robot milling with high-flexibility and large operation range provides a novel approach to solving these problems. However, difficulties in simultaneous calibration of dual-robot systems, smooth path generation for machining and accurate control of the robot’s trajectory have become the bottlenecks restricting the application of robot milling for the aircraft skin. The above challenges can be summarized as the simultaneous decoupling of spatial transformation and the quantitative control of pose errors. To address these issues, this paper conducts in-depth research on dual-robot system calibration, smoothing machining path generation and closed-loop feedback control of the robot’s end-effector. The Part I proposes simultaneous calibration method of dual-robot system for robotic tracking/measuring-machining, establishes kinematics model of robot-tracking system and studies method to generate a smooth machining path for aircraft skin. The Part II studies closed-loop feedback control model for robot’s end-effector under external tracking system, develops closed-loop feedback control system for robot. The simultaneous calibration accuracy test of dual-robot, the trajectory accuracy test of end pose with closed-loop control, and the robotics milling accuracy test of typical skin samples are carried out to validate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Overview of the Development and Application of Aerospace System Engineering Driven by Digital Technology WANG Guoqing, XIONG Huan, HOU Junjie, LIU Jiaojian Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2026, 62 (7): 1-14.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.260360 Abstract （498）      PDF（pc） （683KB）（431）       Knowledge map    Save Digital technology has been widely applied in the development of aerospace products, promoting the continuous development of aerospace system engineering methods. In order to further clarify the development direction of aerospace system engineering in the digital age and promote digital space construction, this article provides an overview of the development and application of aerospace system engineering driven by digital technology. Firstly, the new characteristics of the development of aerospace system engineering in the digital age were analyzed from three aspects: model-based system engineering development, digital intelligence technology empowerment, and commercial aerospace promotion. Then, typical full lifecycle system engineering theoretical models in the digital age were analyzed, and the development of digital technology integration applications was analyzed from the entire development process scenarios, including planning and demonstration, development and design, production and manufacturing, experimental testing, service guarantee, and production management. The characteristics of establishing a full lifecycle development and management digital ecosystem through the integration of technologies such as MBSE, digital twin, digital thread, and artificial intelligence were elucidated. On this basis, combined with the core scenario transformation goals of aerospace product development and management, the future technological development trend of digital era aerospace system engineering is proposed, in order to further promote the improvement of the theoretical and methodological system of aerospace system engineering and provide support for the construction of digital development and management mode. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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A Review of Non-invasive Brain-computer Interface Research in Robotic Control GAO Han, PU Qiran, ZHAO Yongsheng, ZHANG Maolin, WU Zijian, CHENG Baoping, WANG Baicun Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2025, 61 (15): 105-120.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.2025.15.105 Abstract （492）      PDF（pc） （567KB）（1804）       Knowledge map    Save Non-invasive brain-computer interface（BCI） technology, as an emerging human-computer interaction method, has demonstrated broad application prospects in the field of robot control. This study firstly outlines the background and importance of its development, and deeply discusses the physiological basis of brain electrical activity, clarifying how electroencephalography（EEG） has become a common measurement tool for BCI systems due to its non-invasiveness and convenience. Subsequently, this study analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of typical EEG paradigms and applicable scenarios-including active ones such as motor imagery, reactive ones such as steady-state visual evoked potential（SSVEP）, event-related potential P300, and hybrid paradigms that combine the advantages of multiple paradigms. hybrid paradigms that combine the advantages of multiple paradigms, showing how these paradigms can realize complex and efficient robot control tasks. In addition, this study systematically introduces the key steps from EEG signal acquisition to preprocessing and pattern recognition, emphasizes the role of deep learning in improving decoding accuracy, and also points out its challenges, such as high data volume requirements and poor model interpretability. Finally, this study summarizes the development trends and research challenges of BCI technology, and proposes directions to promote the further development of non-invasive BCI technology in practical robot control applications. In summary, this study not only provides an exploration of the application of non-invasive BCI technology in robot control, but also emphasizes the transformative impact that this technology may bring in the future, providing reference and inspiration for subsequent research. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Error Theoretical Analysis of Robot Joint and Research on Parameter Identification Methods YAN Wenjun, CAI Yueri Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2025, 61 (17): 15-26.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.2025.17.015 Abstract （479）      PDF（pc） （662KB）（740）       Knowledge map    Save The joints of robots often exhibit complex dynamic characteristics such as strong nonlinear stiffness and hysteresis, nonlinear friction, and kinematic transmission errors. These factors significantly impact the positioning accuracy and smoothness of joint movements. Therefore, analyzing joint errors and studying parameter identification methods are crucial. This research uses the PSO-LSSVM algorithm to obtain an accurate Preisach model for robot joints, describing their nonlinear stiffness and hysteresis characteristics. The FFT algorithm is employed to identify the high amplitude components in the kinematic transmission error model. The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is used to accurately obtain the Stribeck model, which describes the nonlinear friction characteristics of robot joints. Finally, based on the analysis results of the error models and identification algorithms, experiments were designed to verify the reliability of the models and identification methods. This research can provide references for the subsequent design of high-precision robot joint controllers. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress on Spatial Error Modeling and Identification Methods for CNC Machine Tools Based on Error Compensation SUN Guangming, HAN Bing, ZHANG Dawei, TIAN Wenjie, GUO Xin, ZHAO Jian, HE Gaiyun, GAO Weiguo, SU Zhe Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2025, 61 (19): 202-228.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.2025.19.202 Abstract （475）      PDF（pc） （1180KB）（3001）       Knowledge map    Save The modeling analysis and identification of the spatial errors of CNC machine tools have always been important steps in error compensation. Firstly, the research history and technological development of the modeling theories and identification methods for machine tool spatial errors are discussed. Secondly, the modeling and analysis of machine tool spatial errors is an important prerequisite for error compensation. The modeling theory of machine tool spatial errors has been comprehensively reviewed and analyzed, including methods such as rigid body kinematics theory, homogeneous coordinate change theory, D-H transformation theory, multi-body theory, and screw theory. Thirdly, the accurate measurement and precise identification of spatial error elements in machine tools are key to achieving effective control. The current status and development trends of key measurement and identification methods for machine tool spatial errors are specifically introduced and comprehensively evaluated, including laser interferometer multi line method, body diagonal method, as well as ball bar method, laser tracker method, and other methods. Finally, the modeling, detection, and identification of spatial errors in integrated machine tools are systematically analyzed to identify the problems that still need to be solved in improving the spatial accuracy of existing CNC machine tools. The importance of technological innovation in improving measurement efficiency and accuracy is emphasized; And prospects for future development directions have certain guiding significance for improving the accuracy of CNC machine tools. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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YANG Huayong, WANG Lihui, WANG Bocun, ZHENG Pai, LENG Jiewu, TAO Yong, LIU Tingyu, HUANG Sihan, ZHAO Qiangqiang, YANG Geng, LIU Peiji, GUO Xin, ZHOU Huiying Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2025, 61 (15): 1-3.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.2025.15.001 Abstract （471）      PDF（pc） （158KB）（755）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Reusable Launch Vehicle Landing Gear Mechanism Technologies: A Review TIAN Baolin, YANG Xuecong, LIU Jiaxing, YAN Zhen, YU Haitao, GAO Haibo, DENG Zongquan Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2026, 62 (1): 18-40.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.260002 Abstract （465）      PDF（pc） （150365KB）（2549）       Knowledge map    Save As one of the key technologies for reusable launch vehicles, the landing support mechanism plays a crucial role in ensuring safe rocket recovery, reducing costs, and promoting the sustainable development of space transportation. This research systematically reviews the development history of reusable launch vehicles, with a particular focus on the design, theoretical modeling, performance analysis, and thermal protection technologies of landing support mechanisms. The study discusses various structural configurations of landing gear deployment, locking, and shock absorption technologies, summarizing the modeling methods for deployment and landing dynamics. Additionally, by integrating both static and dynamic testing techniques, the reliability of landing leg deployment, load-bearing capacity, and buffering performance are systematically analyzed. The research also explores the thermal protection requirements and relevant solutions for landing legs under reentry thermal environments. Furthermore, the study presents typical engineering applications from Space-X and Blue Origin, analyzing their experiences and innovations in landing support mechanism design and technical implementation. Based on existing research progress, this review summarizes the future development directions for reusable launch vehicle landing support mechanisms. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Tool Wear Condition Monitoring and Remaining Life Prediction under Complex Working Conditions：A Review WANG Min, CHE Changjia, GAO Xiangsheng, ZAN Tao, GAO Peng, ZHANG Yunfei Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2025, 61 (19): 299-326.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.2025.19.299 Abstract （446）      PDF（pc） （904KB）（727）       Knowledge map    Save Manufacturers are now faced with the challenge of responding quickly to diverse markets and uncertain demands. Since there are more and more processing tasks for small batches of personalized products, the traditional tool condition monitoring technology and tool management mode is no longer applicable to the manufacturing environment with frequent changes in working conditions. Existing literature review on tool condition monitoring and remaining life prediction mostly focuses on a single fixed working condition. The latest achievements on tool condition monitoring and remaining life prediction under complex working conditions at home and abroad are systematically analyzed and summarized to bridge above limitations, and the further research direction is put forward. According to the progress of domestic and foreign scholars in recent years, the advances of investigation on sensor-based indirect tool condition monitoring method are firstly discussed in detail. The advance on applications of the signal processing and feature extraction, monitoring model selection under complex working conditions are reviewed from the perspective of single-sensor monitoring and multi-sensor joint monitoring respectively. Next, the current status of the application of the transfer learning method in complex working conditions tool wear condition monitoring technology are summarized; Then, the development status of remaining life prediction under complex working conditions is summarized from wear degradation model, data-driven model and hybrid model; Finally, the focus and development trend of tool wear monitoring and residual life prediction under complex working conditions in the future are generalized. It has certain theoretical reference and enlightenment for future research work. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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A Review on the Study of Contact Electrification: Mechanism, Control and Application LIN Shiquan, ZHANG Chi, LIU Jianhua Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2025, 61 (19): 112-125.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.2025.19.112 Abstract （434）      PDF（pc） （791KB）（847）       Knowledge map    Save Contact electrification (CE) is a common yet enigmatic physical phenomenon, characterized by its universality, high sensitivity, and ability to generate strong electric fields and electrostatic forces. The features of the CE research system are delineated, including the electron and ion transfer model at metal-metal and insulator friction interfaces, as well as the tribovoltaic effect at semiconductor interfaces. Various methods for controlling charge transfer at triboelectric interfaces are summarized. Furthermore, several applications of CE such as triboelectric nanogenerators and intelligent sensing technology are discussed. Lastly, it is emphasized that future research on CE will focus on charge control methods as the core and surface/interface design as the foundation, highlighting trends in mechanistic quantification research, multidimensional/extreme regulation methods, and multifunctional device integration. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Review on Aero-engine Fault Diagnosis and Early Warning Technology Based on Blade Tip Monitoring WANG Weimin, LIU Yanzhen Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2026, 62 (2): 1-16.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.260035 Abstract （431）      PDF（pc） （814KB）（369）       Knowledge map    Save Blade vibration and tip clearance are critical parameters reflecting the operational status of aero-engines, containing abundant fault and health information. Real-time monitoring and deep analysis enable fault diagnosis and early warning of engines. This article reviews contact-based measurement methods for blade vibration as well as non-contact measurement techniques such as blade tip timing and tip clearance monitoring. It summarizes important research achievements in related technologies domestically and internationally in recent years, focusing on three main aspects: Types of blade vibration and typical faults, monitoring and identification methods, and fault diagnosis and warning methodes. In particular, the application of these techniques in typical faults such as flutter, surge, and rubbing is emphasized. Finally, the future development trends of aero-engine fault diagnosis and warning technology based on tip monitoring are prospected from five perspectives: high-precision high-speed acquisition, mechanism and evolution path analysis, multi-source fusion testing, fault database optimization, and machine learning-enabled intelligent diagnosis. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on Machining Process Recommendation Method of Structural Parts Based on Large Language Models ZHENG Xiaohu, CHEN Hongbo, HE Fangzhou Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2025, 61 (17): 393-404.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.2025.17.393 Abstract （429）      PDF（pc） （460KB）（714）       Knowledge map    Save In the process of numerical control programming for complex structural components, the difficulty in reusing machining process knowledge arises due to the heterogeneity of knowledge sources and the complexity of interconnections between knowledge. A knowledge recommendation method for structural parts machining process based on a large language model is proposed. By selecting and fine-tuning the large language model, a vertical domain model of machining process knowledge recommendation for structural parts is established. The evaluation results indicate that the model can recommend corresponding machining processes based on specific part features. To solve the problem of the model not being able to obtain the latest professional knowledge and the low accuracy of machining process recommendations, the LangChain application framework combined with a knowledge base is used to enhance the knowledge retrieval of the domain model and construct a process knowledge question answering system. Through corresponding indicator evaluation, the F1 value of the question answering system improves by 0.026 on the basis of the original domain model, and the accuracy of machining process recommendations is above 90%. In the process decision-making application of CNC programming for aviation structural components, this method recommends corresponding process knowledge based on part features. Compared with the automatic CNC programming system that does not use the method in this article, the efficiency of generating CNC codes for frame type structural components improves to a certain extent, which is of great significance for improving the decision-making efficiency of CNC programmers. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Additive Manufacturing Technologies and Research Progress for Large-scale Lattice Structures XU Tianqiu, FU Rui, LUO Longxi, XU Hanwen, MAO Hao, LIU Changmeng Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2026, 62 (3): 2-14.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.260068 Abstract （428）         PDF（mobile） （1643KB）（193）    Knowledge map    Save Large-scale lattice structures, characterized by their high porosity and multifunctional properties such as impact resistance, vibration damping, and noise reduction, hold great potential in key industrial sectors including national defense, marine engineering, and construction. However, limitations in current manufacturing technologies and methods remain a critical bottleneck for their broader application. Additive manufacturing (AM), by virtue of its layer-by-layer fabrication principle, overcomes the constraints of traditional techniques and enables the integrated 3D formation of spatially complex large-scale lattice structures. This study focuses on the latest developments in AM technologies and approaches tailored for large-scale lattice structures, and provides a comprehensive review from three perspectives: manufacturing processes, manufacturing equipment, and application prospects. In terms of manufacturing processes, we compare the state-of-the-art fabrication methods for large-scale multi-material metal lattice structures developed by domestic and international research teams, with a focus on truss-type and regular geometric lattice structures. Regarding manufacturing equipment, we summarize the structural configurations and control systems of current AM platforms, highlighting key differences and commonalities. Finally, we explore the future application potential of large-scale lattice structures in the context of AM. This review aims to systematically elucidate the recent progress and future directions of large-scale lattice structure fabrication via additive manufacturing, and to promote the industrial application of AM technologies for the efficient and high-quality production of lightweight structures. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Fault Diagnosis Method for Harmonic Reducers under Different Working Conditions Based on Digital Twin WANG Yujing, LI Yiran, KANG Shouqiang, LIU Liansheng, LI Yuqing, SUN Yulin Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2025, 61 (18): 12-26.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.2025.18.012 Abstract （424）      PDF（pc） （1094KB）（1055）       Knowledge map    Save The harmonic reducer, a crucial component of industrial robots, works in complex and variable environments, leading to significant losses when failures occur. Due to the challenges in acquiring actual vibration data of harmonic reducers, the limited number of fault sample, missing data labels, and differences in data distribution under varying working conditions, a fault diagnosis method for harmonic reducer under different working conditions based on digital twin is proposed. Firstly, a digital twin model of the faulty harmonic reducer is constructed using dynamic modeling to generate twin data. Secondly, a virtual-real mapping method based on a cyclic generative adversarial network is proposed to achieve the mapping between twin data and real measured data. To enhance feature extraction and suppress noise interference, an improved semi-soft threshold function is integrated into a deep residual shrinkage network. Meanwhile, the extracted features are subjected to domain adaptation in unsupervised scenarios, using the maximum mean discrepancy to reduce distribution differences between domains, thereby achieving fault diagnosis under different working conditions. Finally, a fault simulation test bench for the harmonic reducer is established, and experimental verification shows that the proposed method achieves an average accuracy of 99.2% in all transfer tasks. It effectively addresses the fault diagnosis challenges of harmonic reducers in unsupervised scenarios under different working conditions. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Lithium Plating Diagnostic Method for Lithium-ion Batteries Based on Multidimensional Features and Cluster Analysis DAI Runrun, WEI Zhongbao, HU Jian Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2025, 61 (18): 1-11.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.2025.18.001 Abstract （421）      PDF（pc） （914KB）（441）       Knowledge map    Save Lithium plating on the negative electrode is one of the critical issues restricting the safety and lifespan of lithium-ion batteries. To enhance the safety and extend the lifespan of lithium-ion batteries, a lithium plating diagnosis method is proposed which is based on multidimensional feature mining and cluster analysis. Low-temperature lithium plating experiments are designed, and experimental data of batteries are collected. A high-precision equivalent circuit model of the battery is established, and a lithium plating feature extraction method based on model parameter identification and capacity increment analysis, as well as a feature space dimension reduction method based on principal component analysis, are proposed. Based on this, an adaptive grading diagnosis method for lithium-ion battery lithium plating faults is proposed using a density-based clustering algorithm optimized by particle swarm optimization, and the accuracy of the proposed method is verified based on the difference in capacity before and after lithium plating and scanning physical detection methods. The diagnostic results show that the lithium plating diagnosis results based on multi-dimensional features are optimal. Compared with single-dimensional lithium plating diagnosis methods based on battery model features, the missed diagnosis rate decreases by 8.00%, and compared with single-dimensional lithium plating diagnosis methods based on capacity increment curve features, the missed diagnosis rate decreases by 8.00% and the misdiagnosis rate decreases by 3.63%. At the same time, scanning electron microscope and inductively coupled plasma inspection results are consistent with diagnostic results, and can accurately diagnose mild and severe lithium plating, realizing graded diagnosis of lithium plating in lithium-ion batteries. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Design and Analysis of Wheeled Magnetic Adsorption Wall-climbing Robot for Internal and External Right-angle Transition JIAO Ran, CHEN Liang, ZHU Heng, LU Hanxinyang, ZHOU Pengfei, ZHANG Jianhua, ZHANG Chenxu Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2025, 61 (17): 50-65.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.2025.17.050 Abstract （420）      PDF（pc） （861KB）（560）       Knowledge map    Save To address the motion instability issues of existing wall-climbing robots in internal/external right-angle transition scenarios, this study proposes a rigid-wheeled magnetic adhesion robot integrated with an auxiliary transition mechanism and investigates its multi-surface motion characteristics and transition mechanisms. First, a static mechanics model is established to derive mechanical equations under right-angle transition conditions, determining the critical adsorption force range for slip-free and anti-tipping failure. Through analysis of the robot’s right-angle transitional states, the influence of discontinuous geometric wall features on adsorption forces during internal/external right-angle transitions is revealed, and the required output torque conditions for the auxiliary mechanism during external transitions are derived. Subsequently, a multi-wheel group coordinated control strategy for internal/external transitions is designed. Furthermore, the functional relationship between air gap spacing and magnetic adhesion force is clarified through magnetic field simulations, and permanent magnet spatial layout parameters are optimized using contact mechanics theory. A prototype is developed and validated through multi-condition experiments, demonstrating that the designed robot exhibits excellent load capacity and wall adaptability. Compared to traditional wheeled structures, its internal/external transition performance is significantly improved, verifying the effectiveness of the structural design, mechanical analysis, and control methodology. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Key Technologies for CNC Machining Process Reuse for Intelligent Manufacturing: A Systematic Review NIU Shuai, TONG Xiaomeng, CAI Maolin, LI Yibo, YUE Xuande Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2025, 61 (20): 301-317.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.2025.20.301 Abstract （417）      PDF（pc） （1290KB）（615）       Knowledge map    Save With the rapid development of digital manufacturing technology, a large number of machining process instances have accumulated in enterprise databases. Based on the basic principle that “geometric similarity likely leads to process similarity”, effective reuse of process knowledge can be achieved through identifying and extracting similar three-dimensional geometric process information, thereby enhancing the intelligence level of process decision-making systems and significantly shortening product development cycles. Against the background of rapid development in NC machining process reuse technology, systematically grasping its current status and future trends and providing comprehensive literature reviews for process designers has important theoretical and practical significance. The research systematically analyzes and summarizes the latest research progress of NC machining process reuse technology from three dimensions: first, at the macro process reuse level, methods for reusing the overall processing route of products are discussed; second, at the micro process reuse level, focus is placed on the precise extraction and application technology of process knowledge in specific processing links; finally, process reuse technology based on machine learning concentrates on the processing of unstructured CAD model data and the complex mapping relationship between them and process information. These research results not only have important theoretical guiding value for improving process design efficiency, but also show significant application prospects in promoting the improvement and optimization of enterprise process knowledge management systems. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2026, 62 (1): 0-0.   Abstract （415）      PDF（pc） （2866KB）（165）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Review of Advances in Designing Fast Charging Strategies for Lithium-ion Batteries MAO Yangyang, DENG Haipeng, WANG Bingchuan, WANG Yong Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2025, 61 (16): 180-203.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.2025.16.180 Abstract （406）      PDF（pc） （46726KB）（433）       Knowledge map    Save As a representative of innovative energy storage devices, lithium-ion batteries have been widely used due to their excellent performance and environmentally friendly properties. However, the long charging time caused by slow charging and the degradation caused by fast charging remain critical issues that hinder the further promotion and development of lithium-ion batteries. To this end, the design of the fast charging strategies of lithium-ion batteries has become a hot research topic recently. To summarize the research progress, a systematic review of current research on this topic is presented from three aspects： formulation of the charging problem, establishment of battery models, and design of charging methods, all core elements in the fast charging strategy design. First, the research background of the fast charging strategy design is introduced. Specifically, how to set the optimization objectives, constraints, and design variables of the design problem is investigated. Second, the internal mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries and some commonly used battery models are briefly described, and the modeling methods that incorporate machine learning are also summarized. Additionally, various existing charging methods are especially analyzed and classified based on their characteristics. Moreover, based on the current research status, some future directions are given, aiming to offer researchers a valuable opportunity to design more efficient and user-friendly fast charging strategies. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Model Calibration Method for Trustworthy Mechanical Fault Diagnosis SHAO Haidong, XIAO Yiming, ZHONG Xiang, HAN Te Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2025, 61 (17): 114-123.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.2025.17.114 Abstract （397）      PDF（pc） （711KB）（616）       Knowledge map    Save Most existing intelligent fault diagnosis studies focus on improving accuracy, implying that decisions are made only by models. From the safety aspect, this over-reliance on models can lead to users having no way of knowing even if the model gives untrustworthy diagnostic results; from the ethical aspect, the current artificial intelligence (AI) technology lacks moral guidance, and the relevant laws are not yet perfect, so it is difficult to pursue responsibility in case of misdiagnosis. A reliable diagnosis model should not only provide as accurate results as possible, but should also point out the possibility of its decision failure to warn the user. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the confidence of the results to mitigate the risk of model failure and to achieve trustworthy fault diagnosis. However, modern deep learning models are often poorly calibrated, i.e., there is a mismatch between the softmax output, which is often considered to characterize the confidence of the result, and the true probability of the result being correct, leading to a significant bias in using it directly as a confidence level. To this end, we propose a calibration technique called adaptive confidence penalty that fine-tunes the strength of the confidence penalty applied to each training sample, which in turn affects the softmax probability of the validation/testing samples inferred by the model. The method compensates for the limitation of the original confidence penalty method that uses a fixed penalty strength without considering the confidence characteristics of each sample, further improving the calibration quality and obtaining well-calibrated diagnosis models. The experimental results illustrate the motivation for designing the proposed method and demonstrate its superiority. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Status and Development Trends of Brake Force-amplifying Transmission Mechanisms FENG Xiaoming, WAN Zhenping, SUN Dongsheng, LONG Yuanxiang Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2026, 62 (8): 1-20.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.260284 Abstract （397）      PDF（pc） （870KB）（336）       Knowledge map    Save With the accelerated development of vehicle electrification and intelligence, vehicle brakes are evolving from conventional purely mechanical components toward integrated electromechanical units, whose performance is directly related to driving safety. As a core component of braking systems, the force-amplifying transmission mechanism is regarded as a decisive factor influencing braking performance and has consequently attracted sustained research interest. A systematic review of commonly used force-amplifying transmission mechanisms in automotive brakes is presented, including lever-type, wedge-slider, and screw-based configurations, with emphasis placed on their operating principles, performance characteristics, and application progress, together with a comparative analysis of their respective advantages and limitations. Subsequently, the current application status of key technologies, such as multi-objective topology optimization, contact stress analysis, and fatigue life prediction, in the design of force-amplifying transmission mechanisms is discussed, highlighting the necessity of coordinated optimization between lightweight design and structural strength. Furthermore, the application of force-amplifying transmission mechanisms in electro-mechanical brake(EMB) systems is reviewed, with particular emphasis placed on recent technological advances and remaining challenges associated with ball-ramp force amplification and ball screw mechanisms. Finally, future development trends of force-amplifying transmission mechanisms are explored, indicating that breakthroughs in precision manufacturing, innovations in dual-layer or non-conventional force-amplifying structures, and the integration of intelligent algorithms are required to resolve the inherent trade-offs among high amplification ratio, dynamic response, and durability, thereby meeting the increasingly stringent demands of intelligent vehicles for braking response speed, control accuracy, and system reliability. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Final Assembly Pull: Entering the Era of Aerospace Mass Customization Production WANG Guoqing, CHEN Jincun, YUAN Weijia, LIU Qi, HU Runzhi, WANG Guodong, HUANG Sihan Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2026, 62 (5): 1-11.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.260223 Abstract （384）      PDF（pc） （804KB）（282）       Knowledge map    Save China’s aerospace manufacturing has gone through research and development dominated phase, development and production mixed phase, and now is entering a new phase of mass customization production driven by normalized high density emission of aerospace products, which calls for a new manufacturing mode that can simultaneously meet the major national strategy and the characteristics of China's aerospace industry. This article analyzes the direction of transformation and development in aerospace manufacturing, proposes the new aerospace manufacturing model named as final assembly pull, which the basic connotation and main characteristics are elaborated. This study proposes an implementation framework that includes four aspects: overall manufacturing control, efficient flexible assembly, complete supply chain management, and network collaborative manufacturing. It is committed to building a new aerospace product manufacturing system, achieving efficient collaboration among multi-level, multi legal person manufacturing enterprises across different regions, different networks, and different systems, improving the ability to deliver high-quality, efficient, and low-cost aerospace products, and cultivating new quality productivity in aerospace industry. The proposal of the aerospace final assembly pull manufacturing model could provide important support for the completion of major aerospace missions and the transformation and upgrading of the aerospace industry. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2025, 61 (17): 0-0.   Abstract （375）      PDF（pc） （194KB）（211）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Human-centric Smart Manufacturing: Analysis and Prospects of Human Activity Recognition LIU Tingyu, WENG Chenyi, WANG Baicun, ZHENG Pai, ZHAO Qiangqiang, WANG Haoqi, DONG Yuanfa, ZHUANG Cunbo, LENG Jiewu, XIANG Feng, CHEN Chengjun, ZHOU Xiaozhou, LI Xingyu, JIAO Lei, WANG Xiaoyu, NI Zhonghua Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2025, 61 (15): 57-81.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.2025.15.057 Abstract （373）      PDF（pc） （809KB）（1832）       Knowledge map    Save With the continuous deep integration of new generation information technology and manufacturing technology, the human-centric smart manufacturing paradigm is reshaping traditional industrial production models. Human activity recognition technology, as a key enabling technology for implementing human-oriented smart manufacturing, primarily focuses on intelligent recognition and understanding of human activity semantics, which shows broad application prospects. A systematic exploration of the current development status, key challenges, and application prospects of human activity recognition technology in industrial scenarios helps promote theoretical development and innovative practices of human-oriented smart manufacturing. First, based on the developmental trajectory of human activity recognition technology, this study deeply analyzes the evolution process of core technologies such as human perception, activity modeling, and activity recognition, laying the technical foundation for industrial applications of human activity recognition technology; second, focusing on the special requirements of industrial scenarios, it emphasizes research on key technologies including robust multi-modal perception systems, multi-scale activity understanding frameworks, human-machine collaboration with integrated intention understanding, and optimized deployment in industrial scenarios; on this basis, it systematically analyzes and evaluates the quality of human activity datasets in industrial scenarios, and highlights the practical progress of human activity recognition technology in typical application scenarios such as production safety control, production scheduling optimization, process improvement, and activity enhancement; finally, combined with emerging technologies such as spatial intelligence, physiological-cognitive integration, and multi-modal large language models, it envisions future development directions for human activity recognition technology in industrial settings. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research and Application Progress of Human Motion Digital Twin for Human-centric Smart Manufacturing WANG Baicun, SONG Ci, YUAN Yixiu, ZHOU Huiying, BAO Jinsong, HUANG Sihan, LIU Weiran, LIU Tingyu, RUAN Bing, TAO Fei, XIE Haibo, YANG Huayong Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2025, 61 (15): 21-39.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.2025.15.021 Abstract （369）      PDF（pc） （492KB）（2580）       Knowledge map    Save In the transition from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0, human-centric smart manufacturing（HSM） represents an innovative paradigm in the development of smart manufacturing systems. In the context of HSM, human well-being is recognized as its core value which aims to redefine and reinforce the central role of humans in manufacturing and production processes. Therefore, HSM is promoting the futuristic industry which is human-centric, sustainable, and resilient. Human motion is the key to realizing human movement intentions as well as to promoting the development of HSMs. This work focuses on human motion digital twin（HMDT）, reviews its enabling technologies and research advancements, specifically focusing on human motion modeling, perception, and analysis, with an emphasis on their pivotal applications in three dimensions, i.e., unit level, production line level, and workshop level. Through case study, this work illustrates how HMDT facilitates the application of HSM. Finally, the future research directions of HMDT in HSM are outlooked. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Human-centric Integration Technology for Production Scheduling in Industry 5.0 QIAO Fei, LIU Juan, WANG Dongyuan, DING Chen, SHI Jiaxuan, WANG Juankai, MA Yumin Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2025, 61 (15): 40-56.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.2025.15.040 Abstract （361）      PDF（pc） （605KB）（707）       Knowledge map    Save Industry 5.0 leads the manufacturing industry to transform towards human-centric intelligent manufacturing. People in different positions and roles in the manufacturing system exhibit more diverse and comprehensive operational, intelligent, and social attributes. Focusing on the typical production scheduling scenario under the human-cyber-physical production system（HCPPS） semantics, an intelligent manufacturing loop is defined that integrates the perception, cognitive, and decision layer. From the three perspectives of adaptive innovation in the integration of operators within the loop, intelligent innovation in the integration of decision-makers on the loop, and sustainable innovation in the integration of social people outside the loop, a multi-level human-centric integration framework is constructed. And it respectively proposes adaptive scheduling technology for the integration of operators, human-machine hybrid intelligent technology for the integration of decision-makers, and sustainable collaborative optimization technology for the integration of social people. Finally, taking the typical scheduling scenario of the aircraft pulsating final assembly line as a case, the effectiveness of the proposed technologies is verified, providing theoretical and technical practical references for the manufacturing industry to achieve human-centric intelligent manufacturing. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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A Human-centric Product Design Model and Implementation Framework for Multi-design Subjects Integration LI Jun, GUO Xifeng, ZHAO Wu, ZHANG Kai, YU Miao, GUO Xin Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2025, 61 (15): 82-104.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.2025.15.082 Abstract （355）      PDF（pc） （700KB）（391）       Knowledge map    Save Industry 5.0 emphasizes the central role of human beings, and the concept of human-centric is receiving increasing attention in all stages of product design, manufacturing, operation, and service. Conceptual design is the earliest stage of the product life cycle, the core of which is to generate the conceptual solutions that can meet the personalized requirements through the creative activities of the design subject, which greatly determines the level of innovation and the quality of implementation of the subsequent stages. The concept of human-centric puts forward new challenges for conceptual design, and the traditional designer-oriented conceptual design model needs to be transformed into a multi-design subject model in which the designer, user, and machine are in communion. Therefore, this stundy closely integrates the reasoning and decision-making ability of the designer with the deep participation of the user and the computational generation ability of the machine, and proposes a product conceptual design model and framework of user-designer-machine multi-design subject communion under the human-centric perspective, which is aimed to better serve human-centric intelligent manufacturing under Industry 5.0. First, the connotation of human-centric conceptual design is elaborated in terms of influencing factors, forms of expression, and main characteristics. Then, by integrating the human interaction mechanism, human-machine synergy mechanism and design process operation mechanism in conceptual design, a human-centric conceptual design model ‘H（Human）-M（Machine）-D（Design） model’ is proposed, and its basic logic and operation principle are analyzed from the dimensions of users and designers, smart machine, and design process. Finally, an overall implementation framework for human-centric conceptual design is established, and four types of key technologies including cognitive understanding of design thinking, collaborative interaction of design subjects, personalized knowledge services, and conceptual design reasoning and decision-making, are elaborated to provide support for the realization of human-human collaboration, human-object collaboration, and human-machine collaboration in the conceptual design with the communion of multiple design subjects. The human-centered conceptual design process of an elevator is used as a case to validate the proposed model and framework. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Hydraulic Dual-arm Manipulator Coordinated Motion Control for Human-robot Collaborative Heavy Load Handling SHEN Changjie, CHENG Min, SUN Bolin, XU Bing Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2025, 61 (15): 162-173.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.2025.15.162 Abstract （353）      PDF（pc） （794KB）（303）       Knowledge map    Save To address the challenges of inaccurate internal force regulation and uncoordinated human-robot interaction caused by closed-chain coupling and nonlinear hydraulic system characteristics in multi-degree-of-freedom hydraulic dual-arm during human-robot collaborative heavy-load transportation tasks, a hydraulic dual-arm human-robot coordinated control method is proposed for collaborative heavy-load handling. First, based on the analysis of the motion states of the closed-chain system and internal force of the object mapping relationship under human-robot collaboration, the coupled rigid-body dynamics and hydraulic system dynamics in hydraulic manipulators are further decoupled through modular dynamic model, achieving refined modeling of the strongly coupled dual-arm closed-chain system. Subsequently, a human-robot coordinated control strategy is developed by integrating the dynamic compliance of admittance control with an internal force optimization method that minimizes dual-arm contact forces to prevent object damage caused by excessive contact forces while preserving operational intent. Finally, a motion controller is designed base on modular dynamic model as the foundation for the hydraulic dual-arm human-robot coordinated controller. Experimental results show that the dual-arm under human-robot coordinated control not only adaptively adjust object trajectories according to operator intent but also achieve active regulation of internal forces across different directions. Specifically, reductions in internal force errors reach 44.28%-82.46% along the x-axis direction and 44.81%-53.69% along the z-axis direction. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress of Multistable Mechanisms/Structures LI Bo, YIN Yanqi, WU Yehui, ZHANG Yi, MA Fulei, BAI Ruiyu, YAO Jiaqiang, CHEN Guimin Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2025, 61 (21): 18-37.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.2025.21.018 Abstract （349）      PDF（pc） （389283KB）（1279）       Knowledge map    Save Multistable characteristics represent a unique nonlinear mechanical phenomenon. When a system exhibits multistable characteristic, it means that there are multiple stable equilibrium states (states where the energy reaches a local minimum). In these states, even if the system is subjected to small external disturbances, it can maintain its state by itself without energy input. Multistability can exhibit a variety of mechanical characteristics/behaviors, such as negative stiffness, self-balancing, and disturbance resistance, etc. It has gradually shown great application value in fields such as aerospace, smart robot, and biomedicine, and has attracted a large number of researchers in recent years. This research reviews the typical research achievements on multistable mechanisms and structures in recent years. First, the principles, configurations, and design methods of different multistable mechanisms/structures are summarized from the aspects of compliant mechanisms, origami structures, kirigami structures, soft materials, and tensegrity structures; Then, the typical applications of multistable mechanisms/structures in various application scenarios are introduced; Finally, it offers insights into future development trends, aiming to provide new perspectives for enhancing the design and application of multistable mechanisms and structures. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Real-time Scheduling Simulation Optimization Method for Smart Production Lines Based on Digital Twin and Reinforcement Learning YANG Zehao, DONG Wei, HUANG Sihan, YIN Yanchao, DONG Liyang, ZHENG Zujie Journal of Mechanical Engineering    2026, 62 (5): 12-25.   DOI: 10.3901/JME.260224 Abstract （340）      PDF（pc） （1004KB）（422）       Knowledge map    Save Production scheduling remains a perpetual research hotspot in industry, serving as a critical metronome for the efficient operation of production lines. With the continuous evolution of intelligent manufacturing, smart production scheduling has emerged as a cutting-edge frontier. Multi-source stochastic disturbances, such as production task variations, the coupling of manufacturing resources, and others, pose a significant challenge in balancing scheduling efficiency and accuracy during dynamic production. To address this challenge, a real-time scheduling simulation optimization method based on digital twin (DT) and reinforcement learning (RL) is proposed. DT technology is used to construct high-fidelity models of production lines, establishing a hierarchical and high-fidelity virtual production simulation environment. An improved Q-Learning algorithm is developed to establish a scheduling optimization agent, incorporating triple state space reconstruction, a multi-dimensional reward function, and a dual exploration strategy to mitigate the curse of dimensionality and the robustness limitations inherent in traditional algorithms. Furthermore, a hierarchical execution control architecture is established based on perception-decision-execution loop throughout the production simulation process to achieve deep fusion between the DT and the intelligent simulation agent. A case study focusing on aerospace product final assembly line is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The result shows that the execution distances yielded by five other classical scheduling rules are 6.38% to 16.50% higher than those of the proposed method, signifying a substantial improvement in manufacturing resource collaborative efficiency. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）