Research Situation of Service Performance of Fe-Mn-Al-C Austenitic Low Density Steel

doi:10.3901/JME.2024.08.034

Abstract

Abstract: The “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals” strategy has led to the vigorous development of lightweight materials and technologies. As one of the most important structural materials, steels play an important role in the development of national economy. Fe-Mn-Al-C steels attracts more attention of scholars both at home and abroad due to its high-density reductions, high corrosion resistance, high strength(tensile strength 600-2 000 MPa) and high plasticity (elongation 30%-100%). In particular, the austenitic low-density steel allow advantages in comprehensive performance and formability, which is considered to be a potential material for structural parts in automotive, transportation, military and other fields. The recent progress on the typical service properties of Fe-Mn-Al-C low density steel, which are of particular importance in the automotive industry, is critically reviewed. And basic mechanical properties, machining and forming properties and important service performance of the austenitic low-density steel are mainly discussed. The mechanical behavior, deformation characteristics and service performance Evaluation about impact, fatigue, and corrosion of Fe-Mn-Al-C low-density steel is summarized by classification. At last, the scientific and technological issues, which still need to be broken through in the industrial application of this type of steel as structural components, have been induced, and the key directions and research paths for improving the service performance of austenitic Fe-Mn-Al-C low-density steel in the future have been proposed.

Key words: austenitic low density steel, Fe-Mn-Al-C, mechanical properties, formability, service performance

CLC Number:

TG156

KONG Ling, WANG Yuhui, Yang Haokun, PENG Yan. Research Situation of Service Performance of Fe-Mn-Al-C Austenitic Low Density Steel[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2024, 60(8): 34-47.

References

[1] FROMMEYER G，BRUX U. Microstructures and mechanical properties of high-strength Fe-Mn-Al-C light-weight TRIPLEX steels[J]. Steel Research International，2006，77(9-10)：627-633.
[2] HADFIELD R A. Process of making steel containing Carbon，manganese，and aluminium：US，US422403A[P]. 1890-03-04.
[3] HAM J L，CAIRNS R E. Manganese joins aluminum to give strong stainless[J]. Product Engineering，1958，29(52)：51-52.
[4] DEAN R S，ANDERSON C T. Alloys：US，US2230969A [P]. 1941-02-04.
[5] KAYAK G L. Fe-Mn-Al precipitation-hardening austenitic alloys[J]. Metal Science and Heat Treatment，1969，11(2)：95-97.
[6] KIM Y G，PARK Y S，HAN J K. Low temperature mechanical behavior of microalloyed and controlled-rolled Fe-Mn-Al-CX alloys[J]. Metallurgical Transactions A，1985，16(9)：1689-1693.
[7] CHARLES J，BERGHEZAN A. Nickel-free austenitic steels for cryogenic applications：The Fe-23% Mn-5% Al-0.2% C alloys[J]. Cryogenics，1981，21(5)：278-280.
[8] CHARLES J，BERGHEZAN A，LUTTS A. High manganese-aluminum austenitic steels for cryogenic applications，some mechanical and physical properties[J]. Le Journal de Phys. Colloques，1984，45：619-623.
[9] FROMMEYER G，DREWES E J，ENGL B. Physical and mechanical properties of iron-aluminium-(Mn，Si) lightweight steels[J]. Revue De Métallurgie，2002，97(10)：1245-1253.
[10] RAABE D，SPRINGER H，GUTIERREZ-URRUTIA I，et al. Alloy design，combinatorial synthesis and microstructure-property relations for low-density Fe-Mn-Al-C austenitic steels[J]. Journal of Metals，2014，66(9)：1845-1856.
[11] RAABE D，TASAN C C，SPRINGER H，et al. From high-entropy alloys to high-entropy steels[J]. Steel Research International，2015，86(10)：1127-1138.
[12] SPRINGER H，RAABE D. Rapid alloy prototyping：Compositional and thermo-mechanical high throughput bulk combinatorial design of structural materials based on the example of 30Mn-1.2C-xAl triplex steels[J]. Acta Materialia，2012，60(12)：4950-4959.
[13] SEOL J B，RAABE D，CHOI P，et al. Direct evidence for the formation of ordered carbides in a ferrite-based low-density Fe-Mn-Al-C alloy studied by transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography[J]. Scripta Materialia，2013，68(6)：348-353.
[14] YAO M J，DEY P，SEOL J B，et al. Combined atom probe tomography and density functional theory investigation of the Al off-stoichiometry of . -carbides in an austenitic Fe-Mn-Al-C low density steel[J]. Acta Materialia，2016，106：229-238.
[15] GUTIERREZ-URRUTIA I，RAABE D. High strength and ductile low density austenitic FeMnAlC steels：Simplex and alloys strengthened by nanoscale ordered carbides[J]. Materials Science and Technology，2014，30：1099-1104.
[16] GUTIERREZ-URRUTIA I，RAABE D. Influence of Al content and precipitation state on the mechanical behavior of austenitic high-Mn low-density steels[J]. Scripta Materialia，2013，68：343-347.
[17] GUTIERREZ-URRUTIA I，RAABE D. Multistage strain hardening through dislocation substructure and twinning in a high strength and ductile weight-reduced Fe-Mn-Al-C steel[J]. Acta Materialia，2012，60(16)：5791-5802.
[18] YAO M J，WELSCH E，PONGE D，et al. Strengthening and strain hardening mechanisms in a precipitation-hardened high-Mn lightweight steel[J]. Acta Materialia，2017，140：258-273.
[19] WELSCH E，PONGE D，HAGHIGHAT S M H，et al. Strain hardening by dynamic slip band refinement in a high-Mn lightweight steel[J]. Acta Materialia，2016，116：188-199.
[20] 章小峰，杨浩，李家星，等. 基于热力学理论的Fe-Mn-Al-C系低密度钢层错能计算模型[J]. 材料导报，2018，32(8)：2859-2864. ZHANG Xiaofeng，YANG Hao，LI Jiaxing，et al. The stacking fault energy (SFE) calculation model for Fe-Mn-Al-C low-density steels based on thermodynamics theory[J]. Materials Review，2018，32(8)：2859-2864.
[21] 张明达，胡春东，曹文全，等. 基于Thermo-Calc的中锰中铝Fe-Mn-Al-C低密度钢类Schaeffler相图绘制与评估[J]. 工程科学学报，2016，38(5)：682-690. ZHANG Mingda，HU Chundong，CAO Wenquan，et al. Plotting and evaluation on the Schaeffler diagram of Fe-Mn-Al-C low-density alloys with medium manganese and aluminum contents based on Thermo-Calc software[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering，2016，38(5)：682-690.
[22] 刘德罡，胡小龙，蔡明晖，等. Fe-11Mn-10Al-0.9C低密度钢的变形抗力模型和热加工图[J]. 材料与冶金学报，2018，17(4)：263-269. LIU Degang，HU Xiaolong，CAI Minghui，et al. Deformation resistance model and processing map of Fe-11Mn-10Al-0.9C low density steel[J]. Journal of Materials and Metallurgy，2018，17(4)：263-269.
[23] 彭伟. Fe-Mn-Al-C双相轻质钢成分设计、性能及相变行为研究[D]. 上海：上海大学，2013. PENG Wei. Composition design，properties and phase transformation behavior of Fe-Mn-Al-C duplex lightweight steels[D]. Shanghai：Shanghai University，2013.
[24] 丁桦，胡晓. 高层错能Fe-Mn-Al-C低密度钢的变形机制和组织控制[J]. 材料与冶金学报，2018，17(4)：239-244. DING Hua，HU Xiao. Deformation mechanisms and microstructure control in Fe-Mn-Al-C steels with high stacking fault energies[J]. Journal of Materials and Metallurgy，2018，17(4)：239-244.
[25] CHENG W C，JAW J H，WANG C J. A study of aluminum nitride in a Fe-Mn-Al-C alloy[J]. Scripta Materialia，2004，51(4)：279-283.
[26] CHENG W C. Formation of a new phase after high-temperature annealing and air cooling of an Fe-Mn-Al alloy[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A，2005，36(7)：1737-1743.
[27] CHENG W C，JAW J H，WANG C J. Growing ledge structures of AlN crystals in a Fe-Mn-Al-C alloy[J]. Scripta Materialia，2004，51(12)：1141-1145.
[28] KIM H，SUH D W，KIM N J. Fe-Al-Mn-C lightweight structural alloys：A review on the microstructures and mechanical properties[J]. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials，2013，14(1)：014205.
[29] RANA R，LAHAYE C，RAY R K. Overview of lightweight ferrous materials：Strategies and promises[J]. Jom，2014，66(9)：1734-1746.
[30] CHEN S，RANA R，HALDAR A，et al. Current state of Fe-Mn-Al-C low density steels[J]. Progress in Materials Science，2017，89：345-391.
[31] GUTIERREZ-URRUTIA I. Low density Fe-Mn-Al-C steels：Phase structures，mechanisms and properties[J]. ISIJ International，2021，61(1)：16-25.
[32] 满廷慧，彭伟，王子波，等. Fe-Mn-Al-C低密度钢研究现状及展望[J]. 中国冶金，2022，32(1)：11-20. MAN Tinghui，PENG Wei，WANG Zibo，et al. Research progress and prospect of Fe-Mn-Al-C low-density steels[J]. China Metallurgy，2022，32(1)：11-20.
[33] 刘春泉，彭其春，薛正良，等. Fe-Mn-Al-C系列低密度高强钢的研究现状[J]. 材料导报，2019，33(15)：2572-2581. LIU Chunquan，PENG Qichun，XUE Zhengliang，et al. Research situation of Fe-Mn-Al-C system low-density high-strength steel[J]. Materials Review，2019，33(15)：2572-2581.
[34] 张磊峰，宋仁伯，赵超，等. 新型汽车用钢——低密度高强韧钢的研究进展[J]. 材料导报，2014，28(19)：111-118. ZHANG Leifeng，SONG Renbo，ZHAO Chao，et al. Research progress of new automotive steel-low-density high strength-toughness steel[J]. Materials Review，2014，28(19)：111-118.
[35] 王英虎. 汽车用高强韧Fe-Mn-Al-C系低密度钢研究进展[J]. 铸造技术，2019(8)：868-873. WANG Yinghu. Research progress of Fe-Mn-Al-C low density steel with high strength and toughness for automobile[J]. Foundry Technology，2019(8)：868-873.
[36] 王英虎. Fe-Mn-Al-C系低密度钢开发中数值模拟的应用[J]. 特殊钢，2022，43(1)：22-28. WANG Yinghu. Application of numerical simulation during development of Fe-Mn-Al-C low density steel[J]. Special Steel，2022，43(1)：22-28.
[37] 王凤权，孙挺，王毛球，等. Fe-Mn-Al-C系奥氏体基低密度钢的研究进展[J]. 钢铁，2021，56(6)：89-102. WANG Fengquan，SUN Ting，WANG Maoqiu，et al. Research progress of Fe-Mn-Al-C system austenitic low density steel[J]. Iron & Steel，2021，56(6)：89-102.
[38] ZHANG J，RAABE D，TASAN C C. Designing duplex，ultrafine-grained Fe-Mn-Al-C steels by tuning phase transformation and recrystallization kinetics[J]. Acta Materialia，2017，141：374-387.
[39] KIM S H，KIM H，KIM N J. Brittle intermetallic compound makes ultrastrong low-density steel with large ductility[J]. Nature，2015，518(7537)：77-79.
[40] PARK G，NAM C H，ZARGARAN A，et al. Effect of B2 morphology on the mechanical properties of B2-strengthened lightweight steels[J]. Scripta Materialia，2019，165：68-72.
[41] HWANG J H，TRANG T T T，LEE O，et al. Improvement of strength-ductility balance of B2-strengthened lightweight steel[J]. Acta Materialia，2020，191：1-12.
[42] 林方敏，邢梅，唐立志，等. Fe-Mn-Al-C系低密度钢及其强韧化机制研究进展[J]. 材料导报，2023，37(5)：1-7. LIN Fangmin，XING Mei，TANG Lizhi，et al. Research progress of Fe-Mn-Al-C low-density steels and their strengthening mechanisms[J]. Materials Review，2023，37(5)：1-7.
[43] ZHI H，LI J，LI W，et al. Simultaneously enhancing strength-ductility synergy and strain hardenability via Si-alloying in medium-Al FeMnAlC lightweight steels[J]. Acta Materialia，2023，245：118611.
[44] PARK K T. Tensile deformation of low-density Fe-Mn-Al-C austenitic steels at ambient temperature[J]. Scripta Materialia，2013，68(6)：375-379.
[45] YOO J D，PARK K T. Microband-induced plasticity in a high Mn-Al-C light steel[J]. Materials Science and Engineering：A，2008，496(1-2)：417-424.
[46] 章小峰，李家星，万亚雄，等. 低密度钢中有序析出相的研究进展[J]. 材料导报，2019，33(23)：3979-3989. ZHANG Xiaofeng，LI Jiaxing，WAN Yaxiong，et al. Research progress of ordered precipitates in low-density steels[J]. Materials Review，2019，33(23)：3979-3989.
[47] KUSAKIN P S，TSUZAKI K，MOLODOV D A，et al. Advanced thermomechanical processing for a high-Mn austenitic steel[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A，2016，47(12)：5704-5708.
[48] KUSAKIN P S，KAIBYSHEV R O. High-Mn twinning-induced plasticity steels：Microstructure and mechanical properties[J]. Reviews on Advanced Materials Science，2016，44(4)：326-360.
[49] YANG H K，ZHANG Z J，ZHANG Z F. Comparison of work hardening and deformation twinning evolution in Fe-22Mn-0.6C-1.5Al twinning-induced plasticity steels[J]. Scripta Materialia，2013，68(12)：992-995.
[50] TIAN X，TIAN R，WEI X，et al. Effect of al content on work hardening in austenitic Fe-Mn-Al-C alloys[J]. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly，2004，43(2)：183-192.
[51] CHIN K G，KANG C Y，SHIN S Y，et al. Effects of Al addition on deformation and fracture mechanisms in two high manganese TWIP steels[J]. Mater. Sci. Eng.，2011，528：2922-2928.
[52] SUTOU Y，KAMIYA N，UMINO R，et al. High-strength Fe-20Mn-Al-C-based alloys with low density[J]. ISIJ International，2010，50(6)：893-899.
[53] 韩志强，董丹阳，刘杨，等. 光纤激光焊接950MPa级车用TWIP钢接头组织和性能[J]. 焊接学报，2018，39(5)：63-68. HAN Zhiqiang，DONG Danyang，LIU Yang，et al. Microstructure and properties of 950 MPa automotive TWIP Steel joint welded by fiber laser[J]. Transactions of the China Welding Institution，2018，39(5)：63-68.
[54] KIM B Y，JEONG S，KIM B Y，et al. Local brittle cracking in the heat-affected zone of light weight steels[J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics，2019，238：1-8.
[55] 谢盼. Fe-Mn-Al-Si系TRIP/TWIP钢激光焊接及其接头的组织性能研究[D]. 长沙：湖南大学，2013. XIE Pan. Study on laser welding of Fe-Mn-Al-Si TRIP/TWIP steels and microstructure and properties of welded joint[D]. Changsha：Hunan University，2013.
[56] 马丽莉. 孪晶诱发塑性(TWIP)钢激光焊接接头的组织与性能研究[D]. 太原：太原理工大学，2015. MA Lili. Microstructure and properties of laser beam welded twinning induced Plasticity (TWIP) steel[D]. Taiyuan：Taiyuan University of Technology，2015.
[57] 胡士廉，马良超，马冰，等. Fe-Mn-Al-C系低密度钢焊接性能研究[J]. 兵器材料科学与工程，2018，41(4)：1-4. HU Shilian，MA Liangchao，MA Bing，et al. Weldability of Fe-Mn-Al-C low density steel[J]. Ordnance Material Science and Engineering，2018，41(4)：1-4.
[58] CHOU C P，LEE C H. Effect of carbon on the weldability of Fe-Mn-Al alloys[J]. Journal of Materials Science，1990，25(2)：1491-1496.
[59] JIN Fengyin. Weldability of austenitic Fe-Mn-Al-C lightweight steels[D]. Seoul：Hanyang University，2020.
[60] KU J S，HO N J，Tjong S C. Properties of electron-beam-welded and laser-welded austenitic Fe-28Mn-5Al-1C alloy[J]. Journal of Materials Science，1993，28(10)：2808-2814.
[61] RANA R，LOISEAUX J，LAHAIJE C. Microstructure，mechanical properties and formability of a duplex steel[J]. Materials Science Forum，2012，706：2271-2277.
[62] LEY N A，YOUNG M L，Hornbuckle B C，et al. Toughness enhancing mechanisms in age hardened Fe-Mn-Al-C steels[J]. Materials Science and Engineering A，2021，820(5)：141518.
[63] ZHANG X F，LI J X，YANG Y，et al. Austenite stability and cryogenic impact toughness of a lamellar Fe-Mn-Al-C lightweight structural steel subjected to quenching and tempering process[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance，2022，31(7)：5259-5268.
[64] WANG Y，ZHANG Y，GODFREY A ，et al. Cryogenic toughness in a low-cost austenitic steel[J]. Communications Materials，2021，2(1)：44.
[65] SAXENA V K，KRISHNA M S G，CHHAUNKER P S，et al. Fatigue and fracture behavior of a nickel-chromium free austenitic steel[J]. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping，1994，60(2)：151-157.
[66] KALASHNIKOV I S，ACSELRAD O，PEREIRA L C，et al. Behavior of Fe-Mn-Al-C steels during cyclic tests[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance，2000，9(3)：334-337.
[67] CHANG S C ，HSIAU Y H ，JAHN M T. Tensile and fatigue properties of Fe-Mn-Al-C alloys[J]. Journal of Materials Science，1989，24(3)：1117-1120.
[68] HO N J，WU L T，TJONG S C. Cyclic deformation of duplex Fe-30Mn-10Al-0.4C alloy at room temperature[J]. Materials Science & Engineering A，1988，102(1)：49-55.
[69] HO N J，TJONG S C. Cyclic stress-strain behaviour of austenitic Fe-29.7Mn-8.7A1-1.04C alloy at room temperature[J]. Materials Science and Engineering，1987，94：195-202.
[70] SONG S W，KWON Y J，LEE T，et al. Effect of Al addition on low-cycle fatigue properties of hydrogen-charged high-Mn TWIP steels[J]. Materials Science and Engineering：A，2016，677：421-430.
[71] CHRISTODOULOU P I，KERMANIDIS A T，KRIZAN D. Fatigue behavior and retained austenite transformation of Al-containing TRIP steels[J]. International Journal of Fatigue，2016，91：220-231.
[72] XU C，PETROV R，ZHAO L，et al. Fatigue crack growth in TRIP steel under positive R-ratios[J]. Engineering Fracture Mechanics，2008，75(3-4)：739-749.
[73] HAIDEMENOPOULOS G N，KERMANIDIS A，MALLIAROS C，et al. On the effect of austenite stability on high cycle fatigue of TRIP 700 steel[J]. Materials Science & Engineering A，2013，573：7-11.
[74] HAMADA A S，KARJALAINEN L. High-cycle fatigue behavior of ultrafine-grained austenitic stainless and TWIP steels[J]. Materials Science & Engineering A，2010，527(21-22)：5715-5722.
[75] SHYAMAL S，DAS S R，JASKARI M，et al. Graded deformation in an Fe-Mn-Al-C steel under bending fatigue[J]. Materials Letters，2020，285：129002.
[76] MA P，QIAN L，MENG J，et al. Influence of Al on the fatigue crack growth behavior of Fe-22Mn-(3Al)-0.6C TWIP steels[J]. Materials Science and Engineering：A，2015. 645：136-141.
[77] LI H，ZHAO J，WANG Z，et al. Effect of heat treatment on cyclic deformation properties of Fe-26Mn-10Al-C steel[J]. Journal of Iron and Steel Research International，2019，26(2)：200-210.
[78] 侯阿龙. 高锰高铝低密度钢的腐蚀行为及机理研究[D]. 马鞍山：安徽工业大学，2018. HOU Along. Study on corrosion behavior and mechanism in high-manganese high-aluminum low density steel[D]. Ma’anshan：Anhui University of Technology，2018.
[79] TJONG S C. SEM，EDX and XRD studies of the scales formed on the Fe-Mn-Al-C system in oxidizing- sulphidizing environments[J]. X-Ray Spectrometry，1991，20(5)：225-238.
[80] PEREZ P，PEREZ F J，GOMEZ C. Oxidation behaviour of an austenitic Fe-30Mn-5Al-0.5C alloy[J]. Corrosion Science，2002，44(1)：113-127.
[81] HUANG Z，JIANG Y，HOU A，et al. Rietveld refinement，microstructure and high-temperature oxidation characteristics of low-density high manganese steels[J]. Journal of Materials Science & Technology，2017，33(12)：1531-1539.
[82] GAU Y J，WU J K. Galvanic corrosion behaviour of Fe-Mn-Al alloys in sea water[J]. Journal of Materials Science Letters，1992，11(2)：119-121.
[83] CAVALLINI M，FELLI F，FRATESI R，et al. Aqueous solution corrosion behaviour of “poor man” high manganese-aluminum steels[J]. Materials and Corrosion，1982，33(5)：281-284.
[84] TUAN Y H，WANG C S，TSAI C Y，et al. Corrosion behaviours of austenitic Fe-30Mn-7Al-xCr-1C alloys in 3.5% NaCl solution[J]. Mater. Chem. Phys.，2009，114(2)：595-598.
[85] ZHU X M，ZHANG Y S. An XPS study of passive film formation on Fe30Mn9Al alloy in sodium sulphate solution[J]. Applied Surface Science，1998，125(1)：11-16.
[86] ABUZRIBA M B，MUSA S M. Substitution for chromium and nickel in Austenitic stainless steels[C]//2nd International Multidisciplinary Microscopy and Microanalysis Congress：Proceedings of InterM，October 16-19，2014. Springer International Publishing，2015：205-214.
[87] TJONG S C. Stress corrosion cracking of the austenitic Fe-Al-Mn alloy in chloride environment[J]. Materials and Corrosion，1986，37(8)：444-447.
[88] TJONG S C，WU C S. The microstructure and stress corrosion cracking behaviour of precipitation-hardened Fe-8.7Al-29.7Mn-1.04C alloy in 20% NaCl solution[J]. Materials Science and Engineering，1986，80(2)：203-211.
[89] CHANG S C，LIU J Y，JUANG H K. Environment-assisted cracking of Fe-32%Mn-9%Al alloys in 3.5% sodium chloride solution[J]. Corrosion，1995，51(5)：399-406.